应变

The absolute magnitude of the strain in the bulk of the wire is attenuated significantly along the width direction. At the wire center, the strain-modified direct bandgap increases with the decrease in wire width.

文章还具体讨论了量子线线宽对应变分布和带隙的影响，结果表明：沿线宽方向，应变的绝对值逐渐减小，并随线宽的增加而变大；带隙则随线宽的减小而增大。

RESULTS: With the use of Ti-mesh, the strain distribution of the acetabulum changed.

结果：髋臼负重区和髋臼底部的应变变化规律相同，即随着负荷的增加，这些区应变增加明显，主要表现为压应力。

The appearance of stress peaks due to the material instability as the strain increases above acritical value is detailed.

详细考察了阶跃应变中由于材料不稳定性造成应变增加时出现的应力峰值。

When the equivalent strain rate is relatively low, this influence can be neglected and the compression process can be considered as an isothermal process. While the equivalent strain rate is high, this influence is of importance and the compression process can be approximately considered as an adiabatic process.

当等效应变速率很小时，变形热效应对流动应力的影响可忽略不计，压缩过程可近似认为是等温过程；当等效应变速率较大时，变形热效应对流动应力的影响相当显著，压缩过程基本上成为绝热过程。

When the equivalent strain rate is relatively low, this influence can beneglected and the compression process can be considered as an isothermal process. While the equivalent strain rate is high, this influence is of importance and the compression process can be approximately considered as an adiabatic process.

当等效应变速率很小时，变形热效应对流动应力的影响可忽略不计，压缩过程可近似认为是等温过程；当等效应变速率较大时，变形热效应对流动应力的影响相当显著，压缩过程基本上成为绝热过程。

Strength theories focus on the limit states of stress and strain in order to compare them with admissible stresses and strains.

强度理论主要研究应力和应变的极限状态，以便与容许的应力和应变进行比较。

The main factors affecting the soil-structure interface behaviors were found experimentally and theoretically, including: 1 the thickness of the interface that is five to six times the average grain size of the soil; 2 the aeolotropy of interface, which is responsible for anisotropic response of the stress-strain response of the interface; 3 two physical states, including crashing and compression of the soil near the structure surface, which govern the stress-strain response of the interface strongly; 4 two shear deformation components due to sliding and constraint of the structure surface relative to the soil respectively, which forms the deformation of the interface; 5 the volumetric strain due to dilatancy, which is found to be composed of a reversible dilatancy component and an irreversible dilatancy component. 4. A unified constitutive model of the interface, based on new elasto-plasticity damage theory, was developed. It was confirmed to be effective for the conditions considering monotonic and cyclic shearing, coupling effect of shear and volumetric strains, evolution of physical state, micro-structure aeolotropy of the soil and the resulting aeolotropy of the interface as well as the three normal boundary conditions stated above. 5. 2D and 3D finite element formulations of the present model were derived and incorporated into the FEM codes. They were applied to the evaluation of practical engineering problems with different typical interfaces between soil and structure. The new model was shown to be reasonable and effective.

确定了粗粒土与结构接触面厚度约为5～6倍的平均粒径，首次揭示了接触面的细观结构异向性以及由此所引起的宏观剪切异向性，发现了在单调和往返剪切荷载作用下土颗粒破碎和剪切压密两种物态变化机制共同支配着接触面力学性质的变化，通过细观分析证实了接触面的变形可分解为一般同时发生的土与结构交界面上的滑移变形以及结构面位移约束范围之内土体本身的剪切变形两部分，观测到接触面受剪时表现出明显的相对法向位移，并可分解为可逆性和不可逆性两个分量；(4)建立了第一个能够统一地描述单调与往返剪切特性、剪应变与体应变耦合特性、细观结构和宏观剪切异向性以及土颗粒破碎等物态变化特性的土与结构接触面弹塑性损伤本构数学模型，并采用多种法向边界条件复杂加载路径的试验成果验证了新模型的合理性和有效性；(5)提出了新模型的二、三维有限元格式并结合实际边值问题进行了应用计算分析，比较了不同接触面本构模型对计算结果的影响，证实了新模型及其有限元格式不仅能够合理地描述土与结构接触面的主要力学特性，还能够较好地反映土体与结构物在接触面处的滑移、脱开等不连续现象。

The relationship between stress and strain of concrete in prestressed concrete bridge s is written as algebraic form within load duration and the equilibrium equations of internal force and compatibility conditions are introduced.

首先将预应力混凝土桥梁中考虑收缩、徐变影响的任意时刻混凝土应力、应变关系在持荷时段内写成代数形式，引入内力平衡方程及变形协调条件后，提出了计入截面上钢筋位置、配筋率、预应力钢筋松弛、混凝土弹性模量随时间变化等影响的徐变效应分析的全量形式自动递进法，并建立了计算式，适用于任何形式的收缩、徐变特性表达式；基于建立的全量形式公式，可方便地求解任意时刻混凝土、钢筋的应力与应变和梁体竖向变形。

The total strain of a porous medium is an algebraic sum of primarystrains and structural strains.Primary strain is caused by the deformation insideparticles of porous media,while structural strain by the relative displacementsbetween particles.

本体应变是由构成多孔介质的骨架颗粒单元体本身的变形所导致的介质应变量，而结构应变则是由颗粒之间的相对位移所导致的介质应变量。

The model includes the effect of strain rate sensitivity, strain softening and strain hardening.

该模型包括了应变率敏感性效应，应变软化效应和应变硬化效应。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。