应变

The plastic deformation mechanism of the process is explained. The vector equations of the curved conical surface and the figure of the particle motion for the forming process of the bending tube are presented. The theoretical model of stress and strain fields of the forming process is deduced. The practical forming process of tubes of large diameter demonstrates the validity of the new type of design method of the ox-horned core bar and the computation formula of the length of the raw tube.

本文通过研究弯管成形瞬时应力、应变状态及演化过程，阐明了弯管成形过程受力变形特点及力学原理；提出了一种适合弯管变形分析的新单元及数值方法；建立了弯管成形过程应力、应变场&标准图象&；通过研究弯管成形过程金属流动规律及力学条件，阐明了本工艺塑性变形机理；建立了描述弯管成形过程的曲锥面向量方程及其质点运动学图象；推导了弯管成形过程应力、应变场理论模型；结合大口径弯管生产过程，验证了本文给出的新型牛角芯棒设计方法和管坯长度计算公式的正确性。

Thermo-mechanical coupling finite element method is used to calculate the six inherent strain components and the angular distortion of the lap joint, and each inherent strain component is mapped into the model in the form of boundary condition for linear elastic analysis, the angular distortions of the lap joint are got.

采用热弹塑性有限元法计算出搭接接头的六个固有应变分量和角变形，并以各个固有应变分量作为边界条件，对搭接接头的有限元模型进行弹性分析，计算出各个固有应变分量对应的角变形。

The axial stress-strain curves under various level of confinement and strain rate were derived according to the experiment. It shows that the strength and ductility increase significantly because of confinement, and finally turn into plasticity, also it is strain rate sensitive.

实验得到了水泥砂浆在不同围压、不同应变率下的轴向应力应变曲线，发现材料在围压作用下抗压强度和韧性大大提高并且整体进入了伪塑性，而材料的应变率效应也是显著的。

One dimensional shockwave code SSS was adapted to simulate the number density andporosity of incipient spalled OFHC Cu and pure Cu sample at the range of 10~4-10~5s~(-1). TheNAG model coefficients were acquired, the nucleation coefficient was sensitive with thepurity of sample.

采用一维冲击波程序SSS结合SRI-DFRACT模型模拟10~4-10~5s~(-1)加载应变率范围内无氧铜和工业纯铜中微孔洞数密度和孔隙度分布，由微孔洞分布相关参数与应变率的关系，确定了～10~5s~(-1)应变率下NAG模型参数，发现成核速率与材料纯度有关。

Exploring the rule of nucleation coefficients will be a possible wayapproach microvoids nucleation mechanism. OFHC Cu and pure Cu incipient spalled under～10~5s~(-1)strain rates electric gun driven twostage flyer impacts loading.

极高应变率下Cu、Al中微孔洞分布均表现为成核规律相关参数与应变率有关，探求不同应变率、不同材料参数加载下，NAG模型参数的变化规律是研究微孔洞成核机理和规律的可行方法。

In the paper two k inds of framewo rk of st rain gradient p last icity recent ly developed and their applications are review ed: st rain gradient plasticity for CS solid—— the couple stress theory, strain gradient plast icity for SG solid.

介绍两种应变梯度塑性本构模型： CS 应变梯度塑性理论——偶应力理论、SG 应变梯度塑性理论。

The deforma-tion history and strain characteristic during deformation of material are describedby the flow line in which the deformation history and strain characteristic re-strain the crack initiation at stage II and the crack propagation at stage III.

材料的流变曲线描述了形变过程中的变形历史和应变特性，有明显的阶段性，其中第Ⅱ阶段的变形历史和应变特性制约着裂纹的启裂过程，第Ⅲ阶段的变形历史和应变特性制约着裂纹的扩展过程。

The developments of four strain components and the volumetric strain with number of cycles, the relationship between shear stress and shear strain and the effects of deviatoric stress and effective mean normal stress were studied.

着重分析了4个应变分量及体应变随应力主轴循环旋转周数的变化关系、剪应力剪应变关系以及所施加的剪应力水平和有效球应力在应力主轴循环旋转过程中对砂土变形特性的影响。

The fundamental feature of this procedure is the modified relationship of stress and strain by residual shear strain potential and residual volumetric strain potential in dynamic time-history analysis. In the meanwhile, the effect of the residual dynamic pore water pressure on the maximum shear modulus is considered.

该方法在动力时程分析中重点考虑了逐渐累积的残余剪应变和残余体应变对应力应变关系的软化效应，同时考虑了各时段残余振动孔压引起的最大动剪切模量的衰减效应。

According to triaxial consolidation curve of saturated clay, the relation between the volumetric strain and the average effective stress and the relation between the volumetric strain and the vertical strain at a particular instant of time were derived.

2.2。根据软粘土的三轴排水固结试验曲线，建立了土中一点在任意时刻的体积应变与平均有效应力之间的关系式以及竖向应变与体积应变之间的关系式

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。