应力应变图

The machinery design in engineering of external pressed vessels is based on the mathematical model of critical press and metallic material's stress-straincharacteristic curves together with the nomography.

对于外压容器的机械设计，在工程上是以临界压力P_(cr的数学模型和金属材料的应力-应变特征曲线结合的图算法完成。

Limit,torsion modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture in torsion, and Torsional Strength.

应力-应变图，以测定扭转弹性极限、弹性模量，扭转中的断裂模量和扭转强度。

Followingly, the rockingperformance is studied and based on the simulation, gaining the damage deformation picture of every part of bottom structures, and the changing circumstance of maximum stress and strain. Following this, the essay discusses the influence of collision capability that impacted by the rocks which have different shapes, dimensions and different collision places, obtaining the general conclusion of loads and deformation of the bottom structures based on the results of non-linear finite element program.

并以此为基础对触礁船船底结构触礁性能进行了研究，得到了触礁船船底各部分构件的损伤变形图，构件最大应力应变值的变化情况；讨论了不同的礁石形状及大小以及不同的触礁位置对触礁船船底结构碰撞性能的影响，以非线性有限元程序的计算结果为基础，取得了船底结构触礁时各构件的受力及变形分析的一般性结论。

In the case of granite, observation results indicate that the extending routes of active cracks are mainly intercrystalline, transcrystalline, inter-transcrystalline, and intracrystalline. When the strain rate is low, the long intercrystalline cracks are prevailing, and with increasing of the strain rate, the short transcrystalline and intracrystalline cracks gradually increase. The statistic results show that the active crack density increases with increasing of the strain rate, and the mean length of active cracks diminishes with increasing of the strain rate, that is, the induced damage in comminuted product increases with increasing of the strain rate. For the first time this dissertation integrates macroscopic results of comminution with active crack growth under impact loading. It elucidates why the dynamic comminution strength of mineral beds increases with increasing of the strain rate through the active crack extending, and analyzes the influence of structure and constitution of minerals on their damage under impact stress. It is authenticated that both the size distribution and the damage population of comminuted product can be characterized by the fractal.

为分析料层颗粒在冲击下的细观损伤效果，采用德国生产的ASM68K半自动图象分析仪对粉碎生成物中的损伤情形进行了观测，以花岗岩为例，观测结果表明花岗岩颗粒在冲击应力下的活化裂纹扩展路径主要表现为沿晶、穿晶、沿穿晶和晶内等形式，在低应变速率下，活化裂纹以沿晶裂纹较多，随着应变速率的提高，其它裂纹形式大量繁衍，统计结果表明活化裂纹密度随着应变速率的增大而增大，活化裂纹的平均长度随着应变速率的增大而减小，综合表现为颗粒的细观损伤程度随着应变速率的增大而增大；首次将应力作用下的活化裂纹演化特征与粉碎的宏观效果相联系，并就料层动态粉碎强度随应变速率增大而提高的现象从裂纹演化特征的角度进行了解释；分析了矿岩构造结构特性对损伤产生和分布的影响。

Finally, the finite element analysis for the IT shaft of the driving system is fulfilled by using ANSYS 8.0 and the stresses and deformations curves of the Π shaft are obtained. The paper else gives a study on few underprops and a reasonable project about few underprops is obtained.

最后利用有限元分析软件ANSYS 8.0完成传动箱Ⅱ轴零部件静态有限元应力和应变分析，得到Ⅱ轴零件在受载情况下的应力应变图，并对各种支撑情况进行了研究，提出合理的径向轴承布置方案。

The plastic deformation mechanism of the process is explained. The vector equations of the curved conical surface and the figure of the particle motion for the forming process of the bending tube are presented. The theoretical model of stress and strain fields of the forming process is deduced. The practical forming process of tubes of large diameter demonstrates the validity of the new type of design method of the ox-horned core bar and the computation formula of the length of the raw tube.

本文通过研究弯管成形瞬时应力、应变状态及演化过程，阐明了弯管成形过程受力变形特点及力学原理；提出了一种适合弯管变形分析的新单元及数值方法；建立了弯管成形过程应力、应变场&标准图象&；通过研究弯管成形过程金属流动规律及力学条件，阐明了本工艺塑性变形机理；建立了描述弯管成形过程的曲锥面向量方程及其质点运动学图象；推导了弯管成形过程应力、应变场理论模型；结合大口径弯管生产过程，验证了本文给出的新型牛角芯棒设计方法和管坯长度计算公式的正确性。

The typical shape of the stress-strain diagram for structural steel is shown in Fig.1, where the axial strains are plotted on the horizontal axis and the corresponding stresses are given by the ordinates to the curve OABCDE .

图1 显示的是结构钢材的应力-应变关系图的典型形状；轴向应变是沿着水平轴线绘制，而相应的应力是以坐标至曲线0ABCDE体现。

In this manner a complete stress-strain diagram can be obtained for the material.

通过这种方式，就能获取该材料的完整应力-应变关系图。

In this manner a complete stress-strain diagram can be obtained fro the material.

In这种方式一个完整的应力应变图，可来回的材料。

A stress-strain diagram can be plotted using shear stress and shear strain.

应力-应变图可以用来表现剪切应力与剪切变形。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。