应力

Xi ′ an Jiaotong University, Xi ′ an 710049, ChinaAbstract : Propagation of generalized Rayleigh wave in a layered piezoelectric structure with initial stress is investigated. It involves a thin elastic layer bonded perfectly to a piezoelectric elastic substrate.

摘 要：通过求解考虑初应力时的耦合波动方程，研究了覆盖层为各向同性材料、基底为横观各向同性压电材料的压电层状结构中广义Rayleigh波传播时初应力和相速度的关系。

The formula was established about calculating design parameters and technological parameters of ideal strip and bent strip in the period of forming. The thesis presented how to calculate the deformed area length and contact are radius of contact deforming between two elastic bodies on condition of the friction. The calculating formula of pinch force about plate-strip pinch mill was given and the results were analyzed that friction coefficient and radius of pinch rolls are very important for determining pinch force. Moreover, the rule of deforming and stress distribution of different 〓 ratio were gained on condition that the deforming was considered to be non-uniform distribution in the gap. The differential equations were got that calculate the displacements of large deflection of elastic cantilever rectangle plate with fixed end and the formula of the Finite Strip Method was conducted to study the regularity of mid-plane displacements, deformation and stresses for elastic-plastic large deflection bend of cantilever parallelogram plate with fixed or slidable end by integrating Prandtl-Reuss equation.

建立了一套完整的设计参数计算公式和在成型过程中理想带钢或具有月牙弯带钢的工艺参数的调整公式；在考虑摩擦力的条件下，对两弹性体接触变形过程中的接触变形区长度和接触弧半径用位移解法进行了研究，推导了板带递送机的递送力计算公式，从而得知在递送机设计过程中，应选择适当摩擦系数和辊身直径；另外，还从辊缝内带钢实际变形出发，分析了对于不同的〓值，带钢的变形规律及应力分布状况；建立了固定端悬臂矩形板弹性大挠度弯曲变形的控制方程，并且在对Prandtl-Reuss方程的积分处理的基础上，导出了固定端和滑动端悬臂平行四边形薄板的弹塑性大挠度的中面伸展位移、变形和应力的有限条元法公式，编写了Fortran语言计算程序，在各种参数条件下，对螺旋焊管成型过程变形规律进行了全面的分析研究，从而为螺旋焊管的生产和进一步的改进提供了理论依据。

The actual loading test and finite element calculation results indicate: the maximal tension stress is within the range of permissibility and in the proximity of permissible value.

荷载实测及有限元计算结果表明：箱梁的最大拉应力在许用范围以内，但其量值在允许值附近，并且是拉应力。

In bilateral force-reflecting robot system, fuzzy control theory is adopted to increase fidelity of reflection force. Personate force control with self-studying function is designed.

在双向力反应机器人系统中，为提高反应力保真度，本文采用模糊控制理论，设计了具有自学习功能的拟人力控制器，来将由虚拟模型得到的反应力真实地传递给操作者。

A given tectonic force may be resolved into two parts: homogeneous stress and differential stress. Homogeneous stress refers to isotopic pressure,which is superimposed on the original pressure and affects the equilibrium of various chemical reactions. It is also a factor that influences petrogenesis,metallogenesis and metamorphism.

构造力可以分解为两部分一部分是均应力，指各向相等的应力，它叠加在原有压力之上，并且影响着各种化学反应的平衡，也是成岩、成矿和变质作用的影响因素。

Stress components at any point of the three-dimensional model can be calculated by it.With the development of computer technique, automatic whole-field measurement of photoelasticity has been focused.

光弹性法是解决工程中二维和三维应力问题的有效实验方法，它能够直接测量三维模型内部任意一点的应力信息。

When E_=E_σ, the coefficients of foundation restraint R are given in the following table,as shown by photoelasticity experiment.

本文从温度应力的观点说明考虑到基础变形、早期压应力、徐变及塑性变形等因素，注块的允许温差可以较目前采用的数值适当提高。

In order to cope with the huge deformation of the highlystressed phyllite ground in the ridge section of Wushaoling tunnel, the construction program is constantly optimized, the construction technology is persistently improved, standard time duration is determined for each construction step and strict construction organization management is performed.

针对乌鞘岭隧道岭脊段高地应力千枚岩大变形，通过对施工方案不断优化，对施工工艺不断改进，并制定各工序标准耗时，同时进行严格的施工组织管理，得到了在高地应力条件下能较好控制软岩大变形的一整套快速施工技术。

According to the results of stress calculation, provided the choosing basis for structure parameters of hydraulic cylinder and advanced a new cylinder bottom structure-oblique plane check ring concave groove.

对 10MN闭模挤压液压机卡环式液压缸进行有限元应力分析，根据分析结果，给出了液压缸缸底结构参数的选取依据，并在此基础上提出了一种斜面卡环凹槽新结构，有效解决了大型卡环式液压缸卡环凹槽的应力集中问

Thirdly, according to the development of the frozen soil, the coupling model of single freezing pipe of axial symmetry of temperature field, stress field and moisture migration is put forward firstly. Then, by means of the progressing principle of potential field, the coupling model of temperature field, stress field and moisture migration which is under the condition of the multi-freezing pipes is extended. At last, the energy balance equation, stress balance equation, quality balance equation, geometric equation, physical equation, initial and boundary conditions etc are adopted to give the analytic solution to the problem of plane axial symmetry of single freezing pipe.

第三，在对室内试验和现场实测结果研究的基础上，分析了土体冻结过程中温度场、应力场、水分场耦合原理，并按照冻土体形成发展过程，首先建立了单一冷源冻结轴对称温度、应力、水分场耦合模型；接着利用势场的迭加原理，将单一冷源情况的三场耦合问题推广到多冷源情况的三场耦合；最后根据能量守恒平衡方程、应力平衡方程、质量守恒平衡方程、几何方程、物理方程、初始及边界条件，解出了单一冷源平面轴对称问题的解析解。

In the negative and interrogative forms, of course, this is identical to the non-emphatic forms.

。但是，在否定句或疑问句里，这种带有"do"的方法表达的效果却没有什么强调的意思。

Go down on one's knees;kneel down

屈膝跪下。。。下跪祈祷