应力

Objective: To get objective evidence of the optimal stress condition in broken ends of scaphoid loins fracture, to provide biomechanical basis for the clinical choice of the different fixation postures after scaphoid loins fracture and further to offer theoretical instructions for the treatment after scaphoid loins fracture, stress distribution and shift rules after three types of fracture in scaphoid loins (transverse fracture, radialis oblique fracture and ulnar side oblique fracture) were studied using electrometric method and three-dimensional (3-D) finite element analysis.

目的：运用电测法和三维有限元法，研究腕舟骨腰部三种类型骨折后腕关节在各种不同体位固定下骨折端的位移情况及其所受应力的分布和变化规律，从而得到骨折后良好折端应力条件的客观证据，为临床上腕舟骨腰部骨折后腕关节固定体位的选择提供生物力学依据，进而为腕舟骨腰部骨折后的临床固定治疗提供理论指导。方法：采用电测法和三维有限元实验方法进行生物力学测试。

The stress-strain curves of Cu-Zn-Al alloys at different temperatures have been plotted on the tensile machine with the aid of electrometry. The main results were as follows: 1. When specimens were deformed within the range of M_s and M_d, the critical stress for inducing martensitic transformation increased with the temperature, and there existed a linear relationship between them. 2. When specimens were deformed above Af, complete pseudoelasticity might be obtained theoretically, which might be damaged, h...

在拉力试验机上用电测法测绘了Cu-Zn-Al合金在马氏体相变点上下各温度的σ-ε曲线，所得主要结果如下：(1)试样在M_s与M_d之间加载，随着温度升高，诱发马氏体相变所需临界应力增大，且加载温度与临界应力之间存在着线性关系；(2)在A_f点以上加载，理论上可获得完全的伪弹性，但加载温度过高或应变量过大，均会损害伪弹性；(3)试样在M_s点上下温度区域变形，得到的伪弹性回复和形状记忆回复之和在80%以上，但在M_s点附近总回复量出现一极小值，且伪弹性回复在M_f点以下又有所回升。

Those are uniform heat source, double ellipsoidal heat source and the combined heat source.

系统地模拟和讨论了热源模型、试板尺寸、焊接速度和线能量对激光深熔焊残余应力的影响，阐述了激光深熔焊残余应力的形成与演化过程。

Researches on the earth's land surface processes and the geological environment essential factor and its dynamic mechanism have demonstrated that only with the equilibrant system of the low-temperature and low-stress and the scattered as well as dense multi-grains, the boundary condition for the slow, long-term and intermittent pulsation action can meet the formation conditions of such a rock deformation structure.

通过物理模型分析和试验变形比对等综合材料证明，变形砾石是遭受了既密集、又分散、还具有同时发生作用的长时期的多边界外力条件及平衡力系，内部形成破裂其应力传递过程和性质改变与变形形迹转变及其做功连续扩展，是由低于疲劳极限的具有脉动性作用微弱应力造成的。

Therefore, borehole wall stability is systematically studied by applying multidiscipline, such as improving the basic theory of drilling geomechanics, precisely processing seismic profile, testing palaeomagnetic stress with core, computer simulation of equipotential surface of formation stress, and predicting stable period by core soaking.

为此，开展了系统研究工程，进行多学科、多角度的钻井井壁稳定性研究，即改进钻井地质力学的基本理论研究、精细化处理地震剖面图、岩心的古地磁应力测试、地层应力等势面的计算机模拟，井下岩心浸泡进行稳定周期预测等。

The method takes account into normal stress and normal strain, which are perpendicular to the computation plane, by means of either improving physical equation or adding load matrix of equivalent stress.

该方法通过修改二维模型的物理方程和等效初始应力两种方式来考虑垂直于计算平面的正应力和正应变对计算平面变形的影响。

The dependence of the equivalent resistance coefficient on the applied bias voltage and strain is given.

给出了等效电阻系数随外加偏压及应力而变的依赖关系，得出了介观压阻系数与外应力的变化符合线性关系的结论。

Pipeline stress calculation and Euler formula, as well as the theory of forced convection heat transfer in tube, are used to solve the problem of large deformation and uneven distribution of stress which occurred in thermal pipeline of a power plant.

通过应用管道应力计算方法、欧拉公式以及管内强制对流换热等传热学理论，解决了某电厂热力管道运行中出现的变形过大、应力分布不均的问题。

A water-filled joint element is developed to simulate the limited cooperation between reinforced concrete lining and surrounding rock; and an equivalent method is adopted to develop the program, The reinforcement stress and the rock stresses in hydraulic tunnel with inner water exosmosis are calculated.

计算衬砌渗透系数，引入反映钢筋混凝土衬砌与围岩有条件联合承载特性的充水夹层单元模型，采用等效耦合分析方法，对水工隧洞内水外渗条件下的衬砌钢筋应力和围岩应力状态进行了计算分析。

All the work done is as follows:Firstly, given the impact of the soil gravidity stress on the scale of the vertical drain disturbance, Vesic's column cavity expansion theorem is mended. Then the radius of the plastic zone, the ultimate crowding stress and the soil displacement in the intersection of plastic and elastic areas are deduced when Mohr-Coulomb surrender criterion is adopted. The result of which caters better to the real situation.

本文针对竖井地基的施工扰动效应及固结可靠性做了如下一些工作：首先，考虑土体自重应力对竖井扰动范围的影响，对Vesic圆柱形孔扩张弹塑性理论解进行了修正，采用Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则，得到了弹塑性交界处土体位移、塑性区半径以及最终挤土应力等理论计算公式，修正以后的结果能更好地符合竖井施工的实际情况。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。