应力

The boundary contour formulations of evaluatingstresses from the Somigliana stress identity are derived for 2-D problemswith quadratic boundary elements.The boundary contour method basedon the traction boundary integral equation is further discussed.Elasticproblems are first solved using the traction boundary contour method.Amixed collocation of the displacement boundary contour formulation andtraction boundary contour formulation is given.(4)The dual boundarycontour method is developed for the analysis of crack problems.

3建出了Somigliana应力积分式的二维和三维问题的边界轮廓法理论；给立了二维问题由Somigliana应力积分式计算应力的二次形函数的边界轮廓法方程，进而给出了基于面力边界积分方程的边界轮廓法；提出了一种以位移边界轮廓法方程与面力边界轮廓法方程混合配置的方案，首次实现了用两种积分方程相结合来求解弹性力学问题。

(1) The input of the internal fixation implant should be in accordance with the compressive trabeculae and be clingy with the femoral calcar, Abduction in small degree (10-30°) will improve the stress in femoral neck region. The stress distribution of the femur under extemal violence explained why the old people are easy to get the middle and low part fractures of the femoral neck and intertrochanteric fractures.(2) The finite element model of femoral neck fracture is good in orrowing various fixation methods for femoral neck fracture.

(1)三维有限元方法用于研究不规则物体是一种有效、准确的数值方法，不仅能考虑到所研究物体的几何形状，而且也考虑到物体的内部结构特性；股骨颈处的压力骨小梁和股骨距是重要的承载结构，内固定物的放置应循压力骨小梁方向尽量紧贴股骨距钻入；载荷主要通过压力骨小梁和股骨距传导至股骨干的中下1/3处；一定角度的下肢外展（10-30°）会较明显的增加股骨颈区的应力，而下肢的内收反而会减小此区的应力；暴力作用时股骨上端应力分布特点从生物力学角度说明老年人易于发生股骨颈中下段骨折和转子间骨折的原因。

Therefore,the complicated problem is simplified into asolving procedure of a group of infinite dimensional algebra equations.In thefact,not only is a general solution of the problem obtained,but also a method tocompute the dynamic thermal stress distribution at the surface of the cavity afterthe definition of the coefficient of the dynamic thermal stress distribution isgiven.

事实上，不但得到了单连通区域或复连通区域型二维孔洞表面的动态热应力分布问题的一个一般的解析解，而且，在定义了非耦合和耦合无量纲化动态热应力分布系数后，推导出计算单连通区域或复连通区域型二维孔洞表面的动态热应力分布的方法。

According to the entire theory of plastic mechanics,the relationship between equivalent stress and equivalent strain of circular chamber plastic zone in the complex stress state is deduced from nonlinear softening constitutive relation of rock under uniaxial compression.

依据塑性力学全量理论，将岩体单轴压缩的非线性软化本构关系推广，得到复杂应力状态下圆形硐室围岩塑性区的等效应力与等效应变关系；籍以求得应变非线性软化的圆形硐室围岩塑性区半径、弹塑性区应力、应变和位移；进而求得相应情况下的硐室围岩平衡方程、地应力与硐室周边位移关系以及围岩压力方程。

The results show that proper RRA heat treatment can improve SCC properties with retention of the high strength of T6 level. After preaging at 100℃for 24 h, retrogression at 200℃for 7 min, and reaging at 100℃for 24 h, the ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation of the alloy are 795 MPa, 767 MPa and 9.1%, respectively. Meanwhile the failure time of the alloy applied to tensile strength of 210MPa in 3.0%NaCl+0.5%H2O2corrosion condition is longer than 720 h. The corresponding TEM observation shows that after retrogression for 7 min and re-aging treatment, the microstructure of grain boundary is similar to that treated in the T73 condition with coarsen and isolated distribution, and the microstructure inside grain is similar to that treated in the T6 condition with small and homogeneous distribution.

研究结果表明：在峰值时效T6状态下合金强度高，但抗应力腐蚀性能差；采用合适的RRA热处理工艺既能使合金保持T6状态下的高强度的同时，又能显著改善合金的抗应力腐蚀性能；经回归7 min RRA处理后合金的晶界类似T73态析出相聚集粗化，而晶内类似T6态析出相细小弥散分布，在拉伸应力为210 MPa和3.0%NaCl+0.5%H2O2腐蚀液中，其断裂时间大于720 h，相应的抗拉强度、屈服强度和延伸率分别为795 MPa， 767 MPa和9.1%，显示优越的综合性能。

The results show that proper RRA heat treatment can improve SCC properties with retention of the high strength of T6 level. After pre-aging at 100 ℃ for 24 h, retrogression at 200 ℃ for 7 min, and reaging at 100 ℃ for 24 h, the ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation of the alloy are 795 MPa, 767 MPa and 9.1%, respectively. Meanwhile the failure time of the alloy applied to tensile strength of 210 MPa in 3.0%NaCl+0.5%H2O2 corrosion condition is longer than 720 h. The corresponding TEM observation shows that after retrogression for 7 min and re-aging treatment, the microstructure of grain boundary is similar to that treated in the T73 condition with coarsen and isolated distribution, and the microstructure inside grain is similar to that treated in the T6 condition with small and homogeneous distribution.

研究结果表明：在峰值时效T6状态下合金强度高，但抗应力腐蚀性能差；采用合适的RRA热处理工艺既能使合金保持T6状态下的高强度的同时，又能显著改善合金的抗应力腐蚀性能；经回归7 min RRA处理后合金的晶界类似T73态析出相聚集粗化，而晶内类似T6态析出相细小弥散分布，在拉伸应力为210 MPa和3.0%NaCl+0.5%H2O2腐蚀液中，其断裂时间大于720 h，相应的抗拉强度、屈服强度和延伸率分别为795 MPa， 767 MPa和9.1%，显示优越的综合性能。

The results show that proper RRA heat treatment can improve SCC properties with retention of the high strength of T6 level. After pre-aging at 100℃ for 24 h, retrogression at 200℃ for 7 min, and reaging at 100℃ for 24 h, the ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation of the alloy are 795 MPa, 767 MPa and 9.1%, respectively. Meanwhile the failure time of the alloy applied to tensile strength of 210 MPa in 3.0%NaCl+0.5% H2O2 corrosion condition is longer than 720 h. The corresponding TEM observation shows that after retrogression for 7 min and re-aging treatment, the micro- structure of grain boundary is similar to that treated in the T73 condition with coarsen and isolated distribution, and the microstructure inside grain is similar to that treated in the T6 condition with small and homogeneous distribution.

研究结果表明：在峰值时效T6状态下合金强度高，但抗应力腐蚀性能差；采用合适的RRA热处理工艺既能使合金保持T6状态下的高强度的同时，又能显著改善合金的抗应力腐蚀性能；经回归7min RRA处理后合金的晶界类似T73态析出相聚集粗化，而晶内类似T6态析出相细小弥散分布，在拉伸应力为210 MPa和3.0%NaCl+0.5%H2O2腐蚀液中，其断裂时间大于720h，相应的抗拉强度、屈服强度和延伸率分别为795 MPa，767 MPa和9.1%，显示优越的综合性能。

The Colles fracture was stable with the fixation according to its merits.

当腕关节轻度掌屈、稍尺偏，前臂旋前位时，骨折断面的掌、背侧中点所受应力分别为压应力和张应力，但数值较小。

After the biomechanical finite element analysis for the three-dimensional reconstruction model, we find the structure of the deformed nose showes the following characteristics: 1, Nasal septum, nasal columella, lateral feet of nasal alar, lateral nasal dorsum are stress concentrated regions, that is the key mechanical positions of deformed nose; 2, Under the static state, nasal deformation has a very small value of stress distribution, under displacement load status, the deformed nasal has a large value of the stress distribution; 3, Ipsilateral nasal columella are the the key mechanical parts of deformed nasal rectify. And lateral nasal alar is also the most stress concentrated areas.

对于重建后的单侧唇裂鼻畸形鼻部模型进行有限元生物力学研究，发现畸形鼻的力学结构呈现以下特点：1、鼻中隔、鼻小柱、鼻翼外侧脚、鼻背外侧是单侧唇裂鼻畸形应力分布的集中部位，也就是畸形鼻部的力学关键部位；2、在静态状态下，畸形鼻部拥有的应力分布值很小，在位移载荷状态下，形变后的畸形鼻部拥有的较大的应力分布值；3、单侧唇裂鼻畸形整复中，鼻小柱患侧部是畸形整复的力学关键部位，其次就是患侧鼻翼部。

As the overall thermal load and structural geometry is not continuous or discontinuous material generated by stress , this stress is called secondary stress ...

由于温度载荷以及结构的总体几何不连续或材料不连续所产生的应力，这种应力称为二次应力。。。。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。