应力

In this method residual stresses were evaluated using a fracture mechanics approach,that is,the crack opening displacements measured by digital speckle correlation method at a point on the edge of a plate as a rack was introduced and extend from the edge were used to deduce the state of stresses that existed in uncracked plate.

提出一种简便的残余应力检测方法，利用数字相关技术检测裂纹扩展过程中试样表面的变形，应用断裂力学理论计算出残余应力分布。通过梁弯曲对试验结果作了验证并与应变测量结果进行了对比，残余应力的检测结果与理论值标准差为1.28MPa。对淬火和焊接残余应力分别作了检测。实际应用表明所提出检测方法具有准确、高效和使用简便的特点

The results show that the concentration of displacement and stress in surrounding rock intensifies with the increase of excavation steps. The maximum compression and tension stress reach 54 MPa and 3.9 MPa, which are close to the peak strength of surrounding rock. When the tailings are backfilled, the magnitude of floor heaves reduces about by 5 mm, and the maximum compressive stress drops to 32 MPa. Distribution of both stress and displacement fields are improved and the stability of stopes can be ensured during the mining process.

研究结果表明：随着开挖逐步推进，围岩位移不断增大，应力集中现象明显，最大压应力达54 MPa，最大拉应力达3.9 MPa，接近围岩的极限强度；在尾砂回填后，底鼓量下降5 mm，最大压应力降至32 MPa，表明应力场和位移场均得到改善，能确保回采期间采场的稳定。

The results show that the concave structure ameliorates the surface stress distribution of the non-smooth sample, makes the local stress between concaves less apparently than that of the smooth sample, that means the local low stress areas are formed on the non-smooth surface.

结果表明：在受力状态下，仿生非光滑凹坑改善了试样表面的应力分布，使非光滑试样表面凹坑间的区域局部应力明显小于光滑试样表面的应力，即产生了局部低应力区。

The results show that the concave structure ameliorates the surface stress distribution of the nonsmooth sample,makes the local stress between concaves less apparently than that of the smooth sample,that means the local low stress areas are formed on the nonsmooth surface.

结果表明：在受力状态下，仿生非光滑凹坑改善了试样表面的应力分布，使非光滑试样表面凹坑间的区域局部应力明显小于光滑试样表面的应力，即产生了局部低应力区。

The results show that the key rock-beam situated at the outside of the structure acts as a framework, shielding and interdicting the transference of stress. This is true not only in the vertical but also to a great extent in the horizontal direction as well.

结果表明：外层关键岩梁结构在巷道变形过程中起到骨架作用，屏蔽和阻断应力的传递，不但使得巷道跨度范围内垂向应力的传递发生阻断，上部岩层载荷不能向关键岩梁下位岩层传递，而且承担了开挖引起的应力重分布的大部分水平应力。

Ultra-high strength 23Co 14Ni 12Cr3MoE steel was shot peened and the surface residual stress of shot-peened specimens was determined during rotating bending fatigue by X-ray diffraction method.The surface residual stress decreases greatly in the first 10 cycles and it is steady alter 100 cycles.

工件表面的残余应力，对其疲劳性能具有重要的影响，喷丸强化工艺主要利用的就是在表层产生一定数值大小的残余压应力以提高疲劳抗力，但喷丸残余压应力在疲劳过程中并不是稳定的，在一定外力或/和温度的单独或共同作用下，残余应力可发生松弛['一5]。

At the same time,a tension stress is applied on theγ′phase interfaces along the direction parallel to the stress axis,which results in the lattice expansion ofγ′phase to trap the Al,Ta atoms with the bigger radius.This brings out the accumulation of the solute atoms to form the N-type rafted structure.Al,Ta atoms with bigger radius diffuse to the {100} plane to form the linked bond of the heterogeneous atoms and the stable stacking mode,this is a main reason of promoting the transformation ofγ′phase into the N-type rafted structure.And the change of the strain energy density in different interfaces of the cubical-likeγ′phase is thought to be the driving force of the elements diffusion and theγ′phase directional growth during creep.

拉伸蠕变期间，类立方γ\'相中与施加应力轴垂直的界面受水平切应力，使晶格收缩可排斥较大半径的Al、Ta原子；与应力轴平行的界面受拉伸张应力，使晶格扩张可诱捕较大半径的Al、Ta原子，由此引起的原子偏聚形成γ\'相是自由能降低的过程；其中，较大半径的Al、Ta原子扩散迁移至{100}晶面，形成异类原子结合键及稳定的堆垛方式，是促使γ\'相形成N-型筏状结构的主要原因；而γ\'相不同界面的应变能密度变化是元素扩散及γ\'相定向粗化的驱动力。

The experiments of cold pressing of cottonseed and castor bean were carried out to study the stress-strain relationship and the stress-compression ratio relationship.

探讨棉籽和蓖麻籽植物油料的冷榨应力-应变关系、应力-压缩比关系以及加载速率对应力-应变关系和应力-压缩比关系的影响，探讨临界压榨压力选取问题。

An application of conjugate gradient method to fit concrete creep coefficient is in good agreement with experimental results. 4. There are 8 CFST members bearing capacity tests with different initial stress factor and eccentric distances having been launched. 5. A generalized analysis program which could be considered steel tube initial stress influence of CFST arch bridge is developed. The correct and accuracy of the program were verified by the experimental results of the axis, eccentric compression initial stress CFST member and a model of CFST arch bridge.

应用共轭斜量法拟合混凝土徐变系数，拟合结果与试验值吻合良好； 4、开展了8根不同初应力系数和偏心距的钢管混凝土初应力构件承载力试验； 5、编制了钢管混凝土拱桥考虑钢管初应力影响的综合分析程序，程序得到轴心受压、偏心受压初应力试验构件和模型拱桥的验证。

A series of small-scale model tests were carried out to measure stresses developed in testing quartz sand bed during loading and the corresponding variation during unloading in glass cylinder and steel rectangular box. A new conceptual stress release model was proposed based on the model test results by considering the fundamental behavior of granular materials.

采用室内静力模型试验研究了某种石英砂的加卸载和应力释放特性，对比了在砝码加卸载条件下圆筒玻璃容器和矩形铁箱容器中砂中不同位置处的应力变化，明确了砂的加卸载应力变化规律，并在此基础上提出了针对砂土的摩擦型散粒体材料的应力释放模型。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。