应力

However, the pseudo-triaxial strengths of several rocks from the best fitting solutions have great scatterness from the real magnitudes. Also, it does not correspond to the experimental results that rock has the same strength under conventional triaxial compression and tension; the maximum increase of strength from intermediate principal stress has a linear relation with the minor principal stress; and the first-order derivative of strength has an interruption at the peak point.

此外，统一强度理论认为岩石三轴伸长强度与常规三轴压缩强度相同，在最小主应力恒定时中间主应力引起的强度最大增加值随最小主应力线性增加，且强度关于中间主应力的一阶导数在峰值点是不连续的，这些都与试验结果不能完全协调。

In the neighborhood area of grouting axes, the minor principal stress increased more extent than the maximum one. The stress level was reduced and lower than before; and the stability of the earth dam increased.

劈裂灌浆可以同时增大大小主应力，在灌浆轴线附近区域，小主应力增加幅度大于大主应力增加幅度，应力水平较灌浆前降低，土坝稳定性增加。

The minor principal stress of slab, the maximum acceleration in up-down stream direction and permanent deformation of the dam body for three-directional earthquake excitation are obviously different from those for unidirectional and two-directional earthquake loading.

计算表明，多向地震动下的面板峰值小主应力、顺河向峰值加速度及坝体的永久变形均与单向和双向输入时显著不同，实际工程计算时应同时考虑三个方向的地震动；振动型地震激励引起的坝体反应明显大于冲击型地震激励；随着地震动强度的增加，峰值加速度、峰值剪应变、面板应力和周边缝变形等增加；面板刚度对面板的应力值和周边缝的变位具有较大影响，当面板模量取值较低时，计算所得到的"面板"应力集中部位不甚明显，计算结论为新型的"土工膜面板堆石坝"提供了理论依据。

Adopt at present most advanced large-scale SUPER SAP finite element structure analyse procedure to go on numerical value calculation for model of drilling rod, drilling rod whole stress simulation of state that receive show and reflect drilling rod various kinds of stresses under different working states distribute the characteristic clearly, make stress state of drilling rod reach visual, make people able to understand informations of drilling rod of stress status in depth too at the same time, so that the design of the improvement drilling rod constantly is in order to meet the demands of actual project.

采用当前最先进的大型SUPER SAP有限元结构分析程序对钻杆的模型进行了数值计算，得到的钻杆整体应力状态的模拟显示清楚地反映了钻杆在不同工作状态下的各种应力分布特征，同时也使钻杆的应力状态达到了可视化，使人们可以深入了解钻杆应力状态信息，以便不断的改进钻杆的设计以满足实际工程的需要。

Reducing the height of trimming cut zone of chain hook screw properly, increasing the final forging temperature, and keeping appropriate clearance between punch and die, using punch with sharp cutting edge can reduce the cutting stress.

适当缩小链钩螺杆锻造时的切边带高度、提高终锻温度、保持凸模与凹模之间适当的间隙、使用锐利刃口凹模都能降低锻造切边应力；降低热处理时的淬火应力，通过回火消除大部分热应力及组织应力，切边带的裂纹便得到有效控制。

Recent years as development of the computer and software, it becomes reality using numeric simulation to research grouting in clay. Using the software of PFC2D, the grouting in clay is lucubrated and such achievements are reached: Grouting technologies in existence grouting material and serosity are studied and rational methods are put forward in choosing grouting technology and serosity.(2) Base on numeric simulation biax test a method is explored to simulate clay with PFC2D.(3) A method is explored to simulate grouting using PFC2D.(4) The relation between serosity pressure and diffuseness of grouting in clay with different initial stress is studied.(5) The stress transformation of clay is studied during grouting.(6) The stress distribution is studied under different serosity pressure.(7) The normal stresss and shear stresss at any section are studied.

近年来随着计算技术的发展，使得采用数值模拟的方式研究均质土体中的注浆成为可能，本文则利用离散元程序PFC2D对均质土体中注浆进行了研究，主要做了以下几方面的工作：(1)研究了现有注浆加固技术、注浆材料以及浆液的性质，阐述了合理选择注浆方式以及浆液的方法；(2)采用数值双轴实验，探索了应用离散元模型模拟土体的方法：(3)探索了采用颗粒流程序进行注浆数值模拟的方法途径；(4)研究了在粘土中注浆不同侧向土压力条件下浆液扩散范围与注浆压力规律；(5)研究了注浆过程中不同阶段土体中压应力的变化；(6)研究了不同注浆压力对土体应力分稚的影响：(7)研究了注浆过程中土体中任一截面处正应力与剪应力的对比关系。

The finite element method is employed to analyze the shearing stress of the concrete bridge decks with waterproof layer.

应用有限元法，对设防水层的水泥混凝土桥桥面沥青铺装结构进行剪应力计算，分析了防水层的厚度、模量、泊松比、沥青混凝土铺装层厚度和模量等参数对结构层剪应力的影响，认为层间最大剪应力主要取决于面层厚度和防水层模量，相同的防水层模量通过增加面层厚度是降低层间剪应力的最有效手段。

And within the help of ANSYS software, how housing thickness, plastic module of housing and oil film pressure gradient effects the bearing stress distribution is analyzed in this paper. The relationship between alloy tangential stress or radial stress or shear stress and oil film pressure or pressure gradient is also analyzed.

利用ANSYS软件分析了轴承座厚度、轴承座弹性模量和油膜压力梯度对轴瓦应力分布的影响，分析了轴瓦合金层周向应力、径向应力和剪应力的应力场与油膜压力及油膜压力梯度的关系。

The torsion resistance of the tension bar and the calculatiolls of bending shear stress, free torsional shearstress and bending torsional shear stress on the section are also discussed.

对冷弯槽钢单侧挂板墙梁的受力性能进行了分析，讨论了墙梁间拉条对截面抗担所起的作用，以及综合考虑弯曲剪应力、自由扭转剪应力、弯曲扭转剪应力的剪应力计算。

The information along3 D maximum shear stress tracing line is completely ascertained with the method of parameter transformation, then the changing rule of the normal stress along3 D maximum shear stress tracing line is discussed based on cobevel method.

利用坐标变换法证明了一般三维塑性流动问题任意点应力状态，可以完全由三维最大剪应力迹线上的信息确定，进而利用共斜面法给出了三维塑性流动问题沿最大剪应力迹线正应力的变化规律。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。