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Based on the sequences analysis of the 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA gene fragments of 19 cestode species in marine fish from Taiwan Strait, the phylogenetic tree was constructed.

利用DNA测序技术对台湾海峡部分鱼类绦虫的16S rRNA和18S rRNA基因片段序列进行了分析。

In chapter I, we introduce the Jordan-Wigner transformation in detail, and illustrate its applications with three examples: the one-dimensional S = 1 XXZ model; the bilinear-biquadratic SU(2) invariant S = 1 chain; and the ionic Hubbard chain in the strong coupling limit. In chapter II, we review the S = 1/2 transverse Ising chain in detail.

在变换后发现隐藏在自旋为1的系统里自旋为1/2的SU(2)对称性及广义的U(1)规范对称性；(3)通过将推广的强耦合极限下的一维离子型Hubbard 模型变换为SU(3)反铁磁Heisenberg 模型，严格论证了离子型Hubbard 模型从能带绝缘体到莫特绝缘体的转变区域中自发二聚化绝缘体铁电性相即键序波相的存在。

Decision rule chain and distance function of decision rule are proposed, by which the order of decision rules are explained. The group scale's effect on decision quality and the marginal contribution of decision-makers are analyzed. It's pointed out that the increase of the scale will enhance the decision quality with the optimal decision rule applied. Otherwise it is likely to weaken the decision quality. It's proved that for homogeneous group with simple majority rule applied the marginal contribution of decision-maker will decrease while the scale increases or the decisional competencies of other decision-makers increase; 3.We study the group decision-making with a leader in it. It's proved that the existence of the leader impairs the decision quality when the group applies the optimal decision rule.

研究了决策者的决策能力不确定情况下的群体决策，给出了最优决策规则，指出其仍然是广义加权多数规则；提出了决策规则链和决策规则距离函数的概念，利用这些概念解释了群体决策规则的序现象；分析了群体规模对决策质量的影响、决策者决策能力的边际贡献，指出当群体应用最优规则时，群体规模的增大会提高决策质量，否则群体规模的增大可能会削弱决策质量；证明了对于应用简单多数规则的同质群体，随着其规模的增大，决策者决策能力对决策质量的边际贡献会减小；随着其他决策者决策能力的提高，决策者决策能力对决策质量的边际贡献也会减小； 3。

The results of three cladistic methods showed: the consanguinities of different genera in a same tribe were closer, such as Chalcis and Conura, Trigonurella, Megalocolus and Trigonura; the consanguinities of genera between different tribes were farther, such as Chalcis and Brachymeria, Dirhinus and Hallichella; Chalcis, Conura, Brachymeria and Epitranus were the most primitive relatively, Tainaniella and Oxycoryphe were the most evolutional, the consanguinities were the farthest between the former and the latter; the genera with the closest consanguinities were: Tainaniella and Oxycoryphe, Proconura and Nipponochalcidia, Chalcis and Conura, Megalocolus and Trigonura, they were regarded as 4 pairs of sister groups.

三种支序分析方法一致支持的结果为：同一族内成员之间亲缘关系较近，如小蜂属和卡诺小蜂属，微三角小蜂属、细尾小蜂属和三角小蜂属之间；不同族内成员相互之间的亲缘关系则较远，如小蜂属和大腿小蜂属之间，角头小蜂属和截胫小蜂属之间；小蜂属、卡诺小蜂属、大腿小蜂属和脊柄小蜂属相对最为原始，而泰内小蜂属和背突小蜂属最为进化，前者和后者之间的亲缘关系最远；亲缘关系最近的有：泰内小蜂属和背突小蜂属，泊卡小蜂属和日本小蜂属，小蜂属和卡诺小蜂属以及细尾小蜂属和三角小蜂属，它们各自之间都构成姊妹群关系。

In evaluation indexes, changefulness, straightness and embellishment, modernity, beauty and safety will be the best six priorities in spatial landscape construction in future.

最低五名依序是：变化性、平直性与陪衬性、现代感、优美感及安全性，这六项乃成为未来都市规划单位最需要优先创造的空间风貌指标。

The differential characteristic set for differential polynomial system maintains the essential character of original differential polynomial system.

微分多项式系统的微分特征列集保留了原微分多项式组的本质特征，具有三角化良序结构等优点，能够克服不同领域问题中的一些困难。

Mutations in 31 known genes and additional unidentified loci can produce Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease.

他们用全基因组测序的方法对一个家庭进行特殊的诊断，在这个家庭中，有四个兄弟姐妹患有腓骨肌萎缩症-一种末梢神经疾病。31个已知基因中的突变和额外未确定的位点能够导致这种疾病。

The phytoplasmas diseases were investigated in 30 counties and cities of 10 areas in Yunnan Province. There are 12 phytoplasma diseases, including paulownia witches-broom,chinaberry witches-broom, cactus witches-broom, christmas cactus witches-broom, orange little leaf, petunia flat stem and so on were indentified using PCR with universal primers, which amplified phytoplasma 16SrRNA gene and/or ribosomal protein genes. So the kind of phytoplasma diseases in Yunnnan Province were understood. Identified the characteristic of 16SrRNA and rp gene of phytoplasma and the kind, classification and genitic relativity of these strains using RFLP, clonging and sequence analysis (nearly 20 full-length sequences of phytoplasma 16SrRNA and/or rp gene were submitted in GenBank ); The phytoplasma strains isolated from herbage plants were conserved in storeroom. 9 articles were published in the key journals of China and 1 technique invention patent was applied. The net-page about phytoplasma disease was established. 4 graduate student were bringed up.

对云南省10个地区的30余个县市地区进行了植原体病害的调查采集工作；采用植原体16SrRNA基因通用引物（R16mF2/R16mR1及R16F2/R16R2）和/或植原体核糖体蛋白基因引物（rpF1/R1）对所采集到的病害标样总DNA进行PCR扩增，根据植原体特异扩增条带的出现，共鉴定出泡桐丛枝、苦楝丛枝、仙人掌丛枝、蟹爪兰丛枝、柑桔小叶、矮牵牛扁茎等12种植原体病害，初步明确了云南省植原体病害的种类；通过RFLP技术、克隆及测序技术获得其16SrRNA及部分核糖体蛋白基因的近全长序列（已在GenBank中共登录近20余个相关序列），通过序列比较分析，明确了上述植原体株系中这两个基因的特征并确定了云南省植原体株系的种类、分类地位及遗传相关性；对一些发生在草本植物上的植原体进行了株系保存；在国内核心期刊及一般期刊发表研究论文 9 篇，申请技术发明专利1项；初步建立了有关植原体病害的网页；培养研究生4名。

Aside from the Introduction and the Conclusion, this dissertation consists of six chronologically arranged chapters.

本文除导言和结论之外，共分六章，基本上以时间为序。

Magna populations in edge and central region was studied. In 39 A. magna samples and five A. chukar outgroups, the entire mtDNA D loop was PCR amplified. The 456-457 nucleotides of the DNA D loop domain Ⅰ have been sequenced by dideoxy chain termination method. The 16 variable sites(3 5% of the entire sequence) defined 15 haplotypes.

本研究采用聚合酶链式反应和直接测序的方法获得了采自甘肃的大石鸡一个边缘种群和两个中心地理种群共39个个体的线粒体DNA控制区基因456～457个核苷酸的基因序列，16个变异位点(占整个序列的3.5%)有15个单倍型。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。