幼年期

Populus has several advantages as a model system. But because of the shortcomes that the chromosome of Populus are small, dioecism, without perianth, trunk of the tree is tall, the period of infancy is 6～7 years.

杨属植物作为林业研究的模式植物，具有优良的实验特性，但是由于杨属植物的染色体小、雌雄异株、无花被、植株高大、幼年期长达6～7年等缺点，给实验研究带来许多不便。

Conventional forest breeding is constrained by its long reproductive cycle, which includes long juvenile period, and by its complex reproductive characteristics, such as self-incompatibility and a high degree of heterozygosis. Gene transformation has played an important role in woody plant improvement, which can shorten breeding period and breed varieties with high salt tolerance.

随着分子生物学技术的发展，从盐生植物中分离出抗盐基因，导入林木，获得抗盐品种；况且林木由于其较长的幼年期，常规育种有明显的局限性，而通过转基因可以在较短时间内获得高抗盐品种，缩短育种周期，因此开展林木抗盐育种具有重要的意义。

Quantified parameters,determination criteria,and routine procedures to assess the end of juvenility are reviewed and constant standards are provided.

本文对用于判断幼年期的量化指标、判断准则和常规步骤等进行了总结，确定了常用的标准。

Be gentle in old age; peevishness is worse in second childhood than in first.

老来是要和蔼；第二幼年期乖戾暴躁，更有甚于第一期。

Results: 1.Empirical study: The changes of learning and memory performances and hippocampal morphology were related to ageing. Both short-term and long-term administration of excessive glucocorticoids induced the decrease of learning and memory performances and hippocampal neurodegeneration. Adrenalectomy operated during both infancy and senectitude inhibited the hippocampal structure and function.

结果：1、实验研究：动物学习记忆能力及海马的形态与增龄密切相关，短期、长期给予过量糖皮质激素可造成海马退行性改变和学习记忆功能的降低，幼年期糖皮质激素剥夺可影响动物神经发育和功能，老年期长期糖皮质激素剥夺可加重动物海马退行性病变和学习记忆能力下降。

Prehypertensive subjects versus normotensive subjects had significantly higher body mass index and subscapular skinfold, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and triglycerides beginning in childhood; higher glucose in adolescence; and higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting insulin, and insulin resistance index in adulthood. Hypertensive subjects versus normotensive subjects had higher adiposity measures, SBP and DBP, glucose, and triglycerides beginning in childhood; higher insulin and insulin resistant index in childhood and adulthood; and lower high-density lipoprotein, cholesterol in adulthood.

与正常血压者相比，高血压前期者其幼年期基础体重指数、肩胛下皮肤皱褶厚度、收缩压和舒张压、甘油三脂等指标更高；在青春期血糖水平更高；在成年期低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、空腹胰岛素、胰岛素抵抗指数更高；与正常血压者相比，高血压者在幼年时基础水平的肥胖积分、SBP 和DBP、血糖、甘油三脂等更高；在幼年期和成年期胰岛素和胰岛素抵抗指数水平均更高；在成年期高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平更低。

In the adult, cholinergic neurons in the laterodorsal and pedunculopontine tegmental have been implicated in the generation and maintenance of REMS.

虽然在成年人和动物，胆碱能神经元被认为是主要的REM睡眠的调节神经元，已有实验证实脑桥网状结构及脚桥被盖核胆碱能神经元在REMS的触发和维持中起着关键作用，然而，胆碱能神经元对于幼年期REM睡眠的作用仍有待进一步的研究。

Moreover, increasing evidence suggests that CRF may drive the high percentage of neonatal REMS.

上述现象促使我们提出这样的假设：CRF可能是促发幼年期高比例REM睡眠的重要因素之一。

Freestyle nunchaku is still in its infancy, but growing fast, with practitioners all over the globe.

自由式双节棍仍处于幼年期，但是发展迅速，并且，拥有遍及全球的爱好者。

Apply to lower row pet take medicine: Youth-- promote skeleton and dental form; Prevent and cure against--rickets, osteoporosis, milk fever and skeleton sickness; Prevent and cure against--arthrocele, leg soft, stand with uncertain steps symptom; Prevent and cure against--calcipenia disease.

特别适用于下列宠物服用：幼年期--促进骨骼和牙齿的形成；预防和治疗--软骨病、佝偻病、骨质疏松、产后瘫痪等骨骼疾病；预防与治疗--关节肿大、腿软、站立不稳等症状；预防与治疗--钙缺乏症。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失