平等地

From the first chapter to the forth chapter, it summarizes four France capitalistic ideas on equality: the idealistic equality, the empirical equality, the systematized equality, and the singular equality. Then, it can be explored minutely from representative character, advance presupposition, doctrinal content, objective state, practical counterpoint, institutional embodiment, the tend of practice, theory extending and so on. In the fifth chapter, it researches into their contradiction and contestation between the four equalities, indicates their class-conscious essence, and tries to find out a direction to sole these questions. In the sixth chapter, as the intrinsic tendency of soling these deep-seated contradictions of the four equalities, the paper traces the process of France communism from chimerical idea to scientific theory, so that it can point out a gospel: the scientific socialism is the one and only way to surmount these embarrassments of capitalistic theories on equality. At the last chapter, according to our reviews about theories of equality during the hundred years in France, it can conclude some political apocalypse from our history. Owning the wisdom, we could choose our road to the equality, by using these experiences in the west political histories.

第一章到第四章，总结了带有法国资本主义特征的四种平等思想：法国理想平等观、法国经验平等观、法国体系平等观和法国单元平等观，并在代表人物、前提预设、学说内容、目标状态、现实对应、制度体现及其实践倾向和理论扩展等方面进行细致化地考察；第五章，探析四种平等观之间的内在矛盾和论争，指出其学说的阶级本质，同时试图探寻解决问题的方向；第六章，作为解决以上四种平等观之间深层矛盾的内在趋向，文章考察了法国共产主义平等思想由空想向科学的发展，进而指出只有科学社会主义才能走出资本主义平等理论的泥沼；在文章的最后，本文依据对法国百年平等思想史的考察，总结出历史所带给我们的政治启示，以使我们用西方政治的历史经验来选择我们自己的平等之路！

The lawmaking is equal to request the basic right equal, but the lawmaking is equal to differ from absolutely, the indiscrimination ground is equal or average.

立法平等要求基本权利平等，但立法平等不同于绝对地、无差别地平等或平均。

And they have to carefully select the chief executive officer (minister without portfolio responsible for gender/women's affairs) to make sure that she has expertise, global perspective, managerial skills, political influence and commitment to feminist ideals.

二次战后，在联合国、欧盟、世界银行、APEC等国际组织和亚洲协会、福特基金会等美国援外机构大力促导之下，性别平等一直是国际社会关注的议题之一，并且随著国际政经情势的变化，以不同的语言，结合不同的策略，由外往内，给予各国政府压力和诱因，将性别平等建制化；同时也提供资金及论述，刺激和引导了在地妇女运动的发展。1946年联合国妇女地位委员会成立之后，以联合国为主的国际组织曾先后以提升妇女地位或促进性别平等为目标，要求各国政府设立妇女地位委员会(commission on the status of women)、发展妇女参与国家发展方案、设置妇女政策机制(women's policy machinery)或性别平等机制，均广为各国政府遵从，2004年165个国家都因而设有某种提倡两性平等的政府机制，1995年北京世界妇女大会提出性别主流化做为全球性策略之后，十余年间也蔚为国际风潮，甚至成为国家进步的指标。

Thus, pretax income inequality will be artificially high and the reduction in inequality also exaggerated.

因此，付税之前收入不平等将人为地是上流和对也被夸大的不平等的减少。

As to the so- called bad aspects of women' s, we should eliminate them. Therefore, each woman tries their best to be the perfect woman who is self-dependent and acting on her own, self-respect and self-love, tender, kind, motherhood, beauty-love, sympathetic and so on . The appearance of this kind perfect women not only respects the freedom of women as human beings, but also

在我国，形成两性真正平等、和谐地充分发展各自的能力并且构建一个相互理解和相互尊重的和谐社会是刻不容缓的大事，所以我们的社会应该真正地提高女性地位，给女性酿造一个有利于女性和男性真正平等发展的环境，特别是意识环境，从而使得男人和女人不仅分享孩子、家庭、花园以及他们生物作用的满足，而且还分享他们工作的责任和热情，达到和谐完美的人类社会。

With those, too, not yet rallied to the same point, the disposition to do so is gaining strength; facts are piercing through the veil drawn over them; and our doubting brethren will at length see, that the mass of their fellow citizens, with whom they cannot yet resolve to act, as to principles and measures, think as they think, and desire what they desire; that our wish, as well as theirs, is, that the public efforts may be directed honestly to the public good, that peace be cultivated, civil and religious liberty unassailed, law and order preserved; equality of rights maintained, and that state of property, equal or unequal, which results to every man from his own industry, or that of his fathers.

而且，对那些尚未与我们站在同一基点上的人来说，团结意向也在日益增强；事实正在穿透挡在他们眼前的帷幕，我们这些疑虑重重的兄弟们最终会明白，虽然他们目前尚不能决定就何种原则和在何种程度上与广大公民同胞们一起行动，但他们相互之间的想法和愿望都没有什么不同；我们与他们的共同愿望乃是，大家齐心协力，共同忠诚地为大家的共同利益而奋斗，促进和平，保证公民自由和宗教自由不被侵犯，捍卫法律和秩序，维护各项权利的平等，以及维护财产的现状——不论其平等与否，只要它来自个人的勤劳或其父辈劳动的结晶。

From my brother Severus, to love my kin, and to love truth, and to love justice; and through him I learned to know Thrasea, Helvidius, Cato, Dion, Brutus; and from him I received the idea of a polity in which there is the same law for all, a polity administered with regard to equal rights and equal freedom of speech, and the idea of a kingly government which respects most of all the freedom of the governed; I learned from him also consistency and undeviating steadiness in my regard for philosophy; and a disposition to do good, and to give to others readily, and to cherish good hopes, and to believe that I am loved by my friends; and in him I observed no concealment of his opinions with respect to those whom he condemned, and that his friends had no need to conjecture what he wished or did not wish, but it was quite plain.

从我的兄弟西维勒斯，我懂得了爱我的亲人，爱真理，爱正义；从他，我知道了思雷西亚、黑尔维蒂厄斯、加图、戴昂、布鲁特斯；从他我接受了一种以同样的法对待所有人、实施权利平等和言论自由平等的政体的思想，和一种最大范围地尊重被治者的所有自由的王者之治的观念；我也从他那里获得一种对于哲学的始终一贯和坚定不移的尊重，一种行善的品质，为人随和，抱以善望，相信自己为朋友所爱；我也看到他从不隐瞒他对他所谴责的那些人的意见，他的朋友无需猜测他的意愿；这些意愿是相当透明的。

Secondly,it discusses and enumerates the facts about pros and cons,alienation of the MRP.lt affirms that most advantage of MRP,as the rules of a unified company"s will reflects the equal status of shareholders and "Limited democracy".Meamwhile,it points out that the principle also provides the possibility for shareholders to change their own will into company"s will by voting "legally,fairly and sensibly",and to oppress,squeeze,swindle or to treat medium and small shareholders inequitably,or to abuse control power,in order to satisfy their own private interests.Thus,"the protection of the rights and interests of medium and small shareholders"realizes the high-level equality between big shareholders and medium and small shareholders,between majority stockholders and minoritystockholders ,with a view to redressing unbalanced interests relationship among shareholders.

其次对资本多数决的利弊及异化表现进行了论述和列举，在肯定资本多数决作为一项统一公司意思的议事规则，体现了股东地位的形式平等和&有限民主&思想的同时，指出该原则也为大股东&合法、合情、合理&地行使表决权将自己的意愿转换成公司的意志，压迫、排挤、欺诈或不公正地歧视中小股东，滥用控制权，满足一己私利提供了制度上的可能和空间，由此而产生中小股东权益保护问题，以矫正失衡的股东利益关系，实现大股东与中小股东、多数股东与少数股东之间更高层次的平等。

For a long time, the research on unequality of education concerns mostly about of different areas, sexes, races, and backgrounds of economy and culture.

长期以来，关于教育不平等现象的研究，对地区间、性别间、种族间、不同的经济、文化背景间存在的不平等现象研究较多，而对同一地区、性别、种族、经济和文化背景下存在着的教育不平等现象则未予足够的重视。

In the reality, you could apparently feel an equal relationship of help to each other between persons in the western society, whereas in the eastern cultural circle you could feel an unequal relationship between people who are living in some hierarchy in the most time of their life.

以基督教为主体的社会中，从理论上讲，人与人之间的关系是平等的，所以你在西方社会中明显的感觉到人与人之间平等互助的关系，在东方文化圈中你则会明显地感觉到人与人之间不平等的关系，人很多时候生活在等级中。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。