平均线

The main work and the originality points of this dissertation could be concluded as the following parts:(1) To analyze systematically the mathematical model of LES of air flow in great space, under the case of isothermal and non-isothermal, as well as the combined action of buoyancy and strain. Some basic problems are studied about the LES application into airflow simulation of great space, such as boundary conditions, spatial difference scheme and time advancing scheme, time step etc., which creates the basis for the LES application to indoor airflow simulation.(2) Both the instantaneous and time averaged flow field of great space with multiple jets under isothermal and non-isothermal cases are explored with large eddy simulation method, and also discussed the dynamic characteristics and the law of fluidflow in the great space.(3) Based on the results of LES of the great space and the Fanger thermal comfort indexes, it is brought forward the concept of the series of dynamic thermal comfort evaluating indexes, which could be divided into thermal comfort index with time averaged properties PD, PPD, PMV, thermal comfort index with instantaneous properties IPD, IPPD, IPMV, and time averaged thermal comfort indexes TAPD, TAPPD, TAPMV, and transient situations time averaged thermal comfort indexes TTAPD, TTAPPD, TTAPMV. The differences among them and the calculation methods are discussed, and the four kinds of indexes are calculated with the thermal comfort index PD as an example.(4) Based on the LES results it is discussed the hot air stratification phenomena in air-conditioned buildings in the case with air supply and return registers on the ceiling and the case on the sidewall. The fundamentals of the hot air stratification are studied and the relations of estimating hot air stratification are brought forward.(5) With the advanced apparatus such as hot wire film anemometer IFA300 and laser particle field anemoscope, corresponding model test and site measurements have been done, which are compared with the simulation results and LES is proved a very promising method in air flow simulation indoor.

本文主要工作既创新点体现在以下几个方面：(1)系统分析了等温、非等温和考虑剪切力与浮升力综合作用的高大空间大涡模拟数学模型，并研究了高大空间大涡模拟在室内气流仿真应用中的一些基本问题，如边界条件、空间离散格式和时间推进格式、时间步长选择等问题，为大涡模拟在室内气流计算中的广泛应用打下了基础；(2)首次用大涡模拟方法研究了高雷诺数下高大空间多射流在等温、非等温情况下的瞬时流场和时均流场分布，并探讨了多射流流场的动态特性和流动规律；(3)基于大涡模拟的动态仿真结果和Fanger的热舒适指标，首次系统地提出了动态热舒适评价指标体系的概念：即基于时间平均参数的热舒适指标PD、PPD、PMV；基于瞬时参数的瞬时热指标IPD、IPPD、IPMV；基于时间平均热舒适指标TAPD、TAPPD、TAPMV；以及沿行动迹线的时间平均热舒适指标TTAPD、TTAPPD、TTAPMV，并分析了四类热舒适指标的差异性和计算方法，还以PD值为例对四类指标分别进行了计算；(4)基于数十种工况下空调房间大涡模拟的结果，研究了空调建筑上送上回和侧送侧回两种情况下热分层现象，并探讨了热分层的基本规律，首次提出了避免热分层现象的判断公式；(5)在暖通空调领域，首次使用IFA300热线风速仪、激光粒子速度场仪等先进设备，完成了与大涡模拟相对应的模型试验，并把实测结果与仿真结果进行了对比，说明LES在室内气流仿真方面是一种很有前景的方法。

The study leads to the conclusion that the circular comb slow wave structure has an impedance over 1 Ω at its fundamental mode within a relatively wide band and may interact with the beam effectively.

该结构内孔径为波长的1/4~1/3，是同一频段螺旋线慢波结构的5倍左右，能容纳比螺旋线大25倍的电流，能够承受比螺旋线大25倍的平均功率。

Based on AO classification, in traditional fixation group, 30 cases of type A showed joint range of flexion 95°, and 8 of type C showed 80°. Eight cases developed delayed healing. The mean healing time was 12.5 months, and all patients were satisfactory to the contraposition.

传统内固定组中30例国际内固定研究学会A型骨折患者平均膝关节屈曲度为95°，8例C型骨折患者平均膝关节屈曲度为80°。8例延迟愈合，骨折平均愈合时间为12.5个月，所有患者内固定后对位对线满意。

The asymmetric stripline is widely used in LTCC microwave integrated circuit system. Different kinds of discontinuity are often encountered in the circuit design, such as open circuits, steps, right-angle bends, T-junctions and so on. This paper successfully transplantes the equivalent circuit model of microstrip line discontinuity to the asymmetric stripline so as to deal with T-junction discontinuity and the branch-line coupler constructed by parts with various discontinuity. Compared with numerical results, the average error of S parameters is less than 2%.

偏心带状线广泛应用于LTCC微波集成电路系统中，其电路设计过程中也经常会遇到诸如开路端、阶梯、直角拐角及T型接头等各种不连续性问题；该文成功地将原有的微带线不连续性等效电路模型移植到偏心带状线上，从而分析了其T型接头不连续性和由其不连续性部分组成的电路组件分支线耦合器；与数值计算结果相比，其S参量的平均误差小于2%。

The synthesis scheme we developed can deal with changes in visibility, produce perspectively correct views and handle the distortion around the circumferences in the synthesized views. In our scheme, the area without corresponding points was first determined by using Fourier transformation in order to deal with distortion problem, within the mutual overlapped area the z-buffer values of matched key points were computed so that the visibility in novel views can be handle correctly, lastly the common points in new views are rendered through epipolar geometry constraint.

算法的步骤为：利用傅立叶变换方法确定相邻源图像无对应点的区域；然后，利用尺度空间和相位一致原理在共同区域提取及匹配边缘上的关键点，计算其深度值，并在新图像中由该值判别虚拟图像中的可见性；再由关键点恢复极线约束，通过极线间的位置和颜色插值生成虚拟图像中有对应区域的一般点；在确定极线位于无对应点区域段后，利用加权平均或放大插值的方法实现了源图像无对应点区域在虚拟图像中的自然过渡。

objective:to study and analyze the features of lower limb fatigue fracture in the special force by means of radiodiag-nosis.methods:anterior-posterior and lateral films and clinical follow-ups were made to all the affected limbs in the56cases of lower limb fatigue fracture from june2003to feb.2006.results:through medical history and radiodiagnosis all the cases were giv-en definite diagnosis,achieved good treatment results and all had clinical follow-ups.the average length of clinical follow-ups was3months.following treatment,all patients returned to work and resumed training.conclusion:lower limb fatigue fracture finds a rather high incidence in the special force.special features could be seen in the x-ray film,which has obvious clinical significance in the differential diagnosis of other diseases.

摘要］ 目的：分析特种部队下肢疲劳骨折的x线特征性表现和鉴别诊断。方法：从2003年6月～2006年2月，对56例来院就诊治疗的下肢疲劳骨折的患者全部进行患肢x线正侧位片检查和随访。结果：本组病例依据病史和x线分析，均明确诊断，经治疗后效果好，全部获得随访，平均随访时间3个月；骨愈合时间1～2个月，全部恢复工作和训练。结论：下肢疲劳骨折在特种部队发病率高，x线片中具有特征性表现，与其他疾病的鉴别具有重要的临床意义。

From April 2003 to February 2008, a total of 36 patients (39 limbs) suffered from refractory bone nonunion were studied, there were 22 males and 14 females with an average age of 51.5 years (range, 15~71 years). The nonunion occurred in 19 tibia, 9 humeri, 7 femora, and 4 radius or ulnae. The nonunion experienced operation for 1 to 4 times (average, 2. 5 times). The fracture gaps were4.5~36 mm (average, 16.5 mm) according to X-rays measurement before operation. The shortened length of lower limb was 5-40 mm (average, 21 mm).

方法］2003年4月－2008年2月，共收治四肢难治性骨不连36例39肢，男22例，女14例；年龄15~71岁，平均51.5岁；胫骨19肢，肱骨9肢，股骨7肢，尺、桡骨4肢；治疗骨不连手术次数1~4次，平均2.5次；术前X线片骨不连骨断端距离：4.5~36mm，平均16.5mm；下肢短缩距离：5~40mm，平均21mm。

At an average follow-up of 34.3 months, using the Sports Ankle Rating System, the average clinical rating score was 96.2, the average quality-of-life measure was 96.7, and the average single assessment numeric evaluation was 95.3. Radiographs at final follow-up showed no mortise widening or lateral talar subluxation. Two patients had mild degenerative changes on lateral radiographs with anterior tibial osteophytes.

在平均34.3个月的随访中，用踝关节运动评估系统评分的平均得分是96.2，生活质量平均分是96.7，平均单个数字评估得分是95.3，在随访最后的X线片示没有踝关节关节间隙的变宽以及距骨的侧向半脱位。2个病人出现稍微的退行性变及胫骨前骨赘。

From the evidence on technical analysis, the index recovered by the afternoon try for the 2000-point mark, but the point will still be a need for consolidation in order to determine an effective shock break; video taken off the line despite efforts Line is not small, but the combination of K-line display The upside of the technology, there are signs of speeding up; stock received daily average of 10 online side has been slowly recovering all short-term average, there are once again shaken by the 90-day moving average trend; As the only city-fat, no amplification volume as a whole, Can not continue to support the rebound.

从技术分析的证据，该指数收复下午尝试了2000点大关，但问题仍是一个亟需实现整合，以便确定一个有效的冲击打破；下线的努力，尽管采取了视频线不能小，但组合的K线显示该技术的好处，也有加快的迹象，股市获得了10日均线上方已慢慢恢复所有短期平均水平，再次有90所动摇-日均线的趋势，作为唯一的城市发，没有作为一个整体放大音量，无法继续支持反弹。

Results The mean dose to 90% of the cochlea was reduced from 39% of the prescribed posterior fossa boost dose to 1.6%,and the 90% mandibular joint volume was 26.1% and 0.4% for the Xrays and proton respectively.Mean dose to the 50% heart volume was reduced from 63.3% to 0.8%,and 90% thyroid volume was 72.2% and 0.5% for the Xray and proton respectively.

结果 X线与质子适形放射治疗计划相比，右侧耳蜗90%的体积平均受照剂量分别为后颅窝加量野的39%和1.6%，右颞颌关节90%体积平均受量分别为26.1%和0.4%， 50%心脏平均受照剂量分别为脊髓野处方剂量的63.3%和0.8%，90%甲状腺平均受量分别为72.2%和0.5%。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。