平均时

When dominance is complete and selection is not favourable to AA and Aa, the fitness is smaller after fusion than that before fusion in autosome inheritance and greater in sex-linked inheritance. In non-dominance, i.

显性完全且选择不利于AA和Aa时，群体融合在常染色体遗传时导致平均适应力下降，而伴性遗传时导致平均适应力上升。

The differential exhumation caused by the NNE-trending faults probably continued all the way from the 180℃isothermal surface, through 110℃isothermal surface to the 70℃isothermal surface. At 90Ma, Dabie orogen"s average height of topography, compared with the current sea level, reached 1.45 km (when geothermal gradient is chosen as 25℃/km) or 1.75 km (when geothermal gradient is chosen as 20℃/km), which is 4(when geothermal gradient is chosen as 25℃/km) or 5(when geothermal gradient is chosen as 20℃/km) times of the height of today"s surface topography in simulated region.

这种由于NNE向断裂系引发的差异推隆剥露，可能从等温面180℃锆石(U-Th／He的封闭温度、经过110℃(磷灰石裂变径迹的退火温度)一直延续到70℃等温面磷灰石(U-Th／He的封闭温度大别造山带90Ma时与现今海平面相比地形平均高度可达1.45km(地温梯度取25℃／km时)或1.75km(地温梯度取20℃／km时)，是现今模拟区域地形平均高度的4倍(地温梯度取25℃／km时)或5倍(地温梯度取20℃／km时)。

The effects of linear velocity at cup's edge and temperature of slag on particle diameter and mass fraction were investigated.

研究结果表明，随着转杯边缘线速度的提高，渣粒平均直径逐渐减小，渣粒向远离转杯的方向分布；当线速度超过6 m/s时，渣粒平均直径的变化随线速度的提高趋于平缓；当熔渣温度在1400 ℃～1500 ℃范围内时，熔渣温度对渣粒平均直径和质量分布没有影响。

Results:according to the outcome of test,168 cases with new bacteriological positive ptb were divided into negative reaction group(group 1),positive reaction group (group 2)and strong positive reaction group(group 3).after antituberculotic treatment for 6 months.the rates of sputum coversion of group 1,group 2 and group 3 were 76.92%,94.79% and 100% respectively.the mean sputum coversion time of group 1,group 2 and group 3 were 12.46 weeks 5.0 weeks and 3.0 weeks respectively and the rates of focus absorption of group 1 ,group 2 and group 3 were 61.54%.

结果：168例痰菌阳性初治的结核病患者，根据ppd试验的结果分为阴性组，阳性组，强阳性组。经过6个月抗痨治疗后，ⅰ组痰菌转阴率为76.92%，平均转阴时间为12.46周，病人疗程结束时，肺内病灶x线吸收占61.54%；ⅱ组痰菌转阴率为94.79%，平均转阴时间为5.0周，病人疗程结束时，肺内病灶x线吸收占86.46%；ⅲ组痰菌转阴率为100%，平均转阴时间为3.0周，病人疗程结束时，肺内病灶x线吸收占100%。

The average percentage of polymorphic bands are 72.06% for ISSR and 66.67% for RAPD respectively. The genetic diversity of ginkgo revealed by ISSR (the average effective number of alleles is 1.8780, the average Nei"s gene diversity is 0.4652, and the average Shannon"s information index is 0.6574) are all higher than those by RAPD (the average effective number of alleles is 1.7842, the average Nei"s gene diversity is 0.4317, and the average Shannon"s information index is 0.6211), while the standard errors of the parameters estimated by ISSR were lower. Therefore, ISSR molecular markers are more suited than RAPD molecular markers when testing the genetic diversity of ginkgo populations and determining the genetic relationship of among populations or among individuals which are much similar hereditarily.

本文应用RAPD和ISSR两种分子标记技术，选取中国5个可能的野生银杏居群共计75个样品，对其遗传多样性进行了研究，得出以下结论：(1)用筛选出的12个RAPD引物和10个ISSR引物进行PCR扩增，分别扩增出65条和68条重复性高、清晰的条带，多态性位点百分率分别66.67%和72.06%，ISSR揭示的银杏遗传多样性(平均有效等位基因数目为1.8780，平均基因多样度为0.4652，平均信息指数为0.6574)高于RAPD所得到的结果(平均有效等位基因数目为1.7842，平均基因多样度为0.4317，平均信息指数为0.6211)，其所估算参数的标准差要低于RAPD所估算出的值，因此，在研究亲缘关系非常近的银杏物种的遗传多样性并试图确定居群间或个体间的遗传关系时，ISSR分子标记技术比RAPD分子标记技术更为合适。

The average removal efficiency of TP and COD was 28.76% and 8% after cloth media filter without coagulation, and TP removal was influenced by the influent water quality. However, precoagulation with coagulants of ferric chloride, PAFC, PAC, the average removal efficiency of TP was 63.58%, 60.13% and 66.94% respectively, and no influence of TP removal can be found by the influent water quality. The average removal efficiency of COD was of 17.7%,26.3% and 27.7%,SS was 70.7%,64.3% and 49.1%.

当不投加混凝剂时，滤布滤池对TP和COD的平均去除率为28.76%和8%，其中TP的去除效果受进水水质影响较大；当投加氯化铁、聚合氯化铝铁与聚合氯化铝强化滤布滤池时，滤布滤池对TP的平均去除率分别为63.58%、60.13%和66.94%，TP去除效果受进水水质影响较小；对SS的平均去除率分别为70.7%、64.3%和49.1%；对COD平均去除率分别为17.7%、26.3%和27.7%。

In chapter 2, we focus on derivation of the tortuosity models for flow of Newtonian incompressible fluid in two- and three-dimensional porous media with spherical, cubic and plate-like particles by applying the geometrical method. We first present the ideal geometrical models of porous media to show the ideal and representative streamlines based on the assumption that some particles in porous media are unrestrictedly overlapped and hence of different configurations, then the average tortuosity is derived by geometrically and weightedly averaging these representative flow paths.

第二部分采用几何分析法研究了二维和三维情况下的球形颗粒、立方体颗粒和板状颗粒多孔介质中流体流线的迂曲度，首先给出多孔介质的理想几何模型，通过分别考虑固体颗粒重叠时、不重叠时以及粒子的不同排列等情形时的流体流线，然后对这些理想代表性流线的迂曲度取几何平均和加权平均，最后推导出流体流过多孔介质的迂曲度解析表达式。

According to the energy conservation theory, BOM and CSIM4 were coupled. The BOM has no treatment on transmission solar radiation, which is of great importance when the model is adapted to Arctic Ocean. So the treatment was introduced to BOM. Through numerical test on different lead albedos, it was found that sea ice thickness is not so sensitive to lead albedo, which may be contribute to the lead occupies little ratio within multiyear sea ice pack. The reason of summer over-melt of arctic sea ice is the NCEP reanalysis downward solar radiation being larger than its reality. Then the arctic sea ice climate variability was simulated. Results showed that: simulated ice thickness change is in accord with the submarine investigated mean sea-ice draft changes. Simulated annually maximum ice thickness along the Eurasian continental oceans are closely related to the observed ones. The long-term mean simulated ice motion has the same features of the SSM/I derived ice motion. Sea ice extents in differential sub-regions have same trends comparing to the satellite passive-microwave data derived ones. Simulated ice concentration is closely related to the observed in the Arctic sub-regions. Sea ice flux through the Fram Strait involves ice concentration, motion and thickness. It is a composite criterion for sea ice model evaluation. The simulated ice area and volume export through the strait accord with the satellite derived or statistically reconstructed ones.(5) The simulated ice thickness climate variability and mean sea surface current of the coupled model were analyzed, results showed: the total ice volume in the Arctic Ocean has a significant decreasing trend. The volume variability is of a 10-year timescale oscillation, with two major periods of 12-13a and 18-20a. Mean ice thickness in the arctic sub-seas has different tendencies. It has an increasing trend in the Barents-Kara Sea and Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea, and decreasing in the others. The characteristic time scale of 7-10a wherein the river discharges leads the Fram Strait ice volume export is about the period that river water takes to be conveyed across the Arctic Ocean.(6) Using the simulated ice distribution in the Arctic Ocean and China precipitation, air temperature and SST in tropical key regions, the climate teleconnection were studied. Result showed: When the mean sea ice thickness is large in the central Arctic Ocean and Chukchi-Beaufort Sea , and small in the Barents-Kara Sea and Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea , the precipitation in South China, Tibetan Plateau, and the north part of Northeastern China are always smaller than normal, and v. v. When the mean ice thickness is small in CA, BC, East Siberian Sea and Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian Sea , and large in BL, The air temperature in north-eastern China, the southern of Tibetan Plateau, and Hainan Island, are always lower than normal, and v. v. In addition, when the sea ice is thick in BC and BL, the SST is larger in the middle and eastern Pacific Ocean, and is smaller in the tropical Southeastern Indian Ocean.

由于BOM没有考虑透射太阳辐射的物理过程，研究表明透射太阳辐射对北冰洋的能量收支起到重要作用，因此在BOM模式中引入了对透射太阳辐射的处理；通过对不同水道反照率的数值试验表明海冰厚度对水道反照率的敏感性不强，可能与海冰区水道面积占的比率很小有关；而模式模拟的北极海冰夏季&过度融化&主要源于NCEP再分析资料提供了偏大的太阳短波辐射；对北极海冰的气候变率进行了模拟研究，结果表明：模拟的海冰厚度变化与潜艇探测的海冰吃深度变化具有一致性；模拟和观测的亚欧大陆沿海的年内最大海冰厚度有很好的相关；模拟的海冰移速与长期平均的卫星反演的海冰移速具有相同的速度分布特征；模拟的各个海区海冰面积的变化趋势与卫星反演资料分析的结果基本一致；模拟与观测的主要海洋分区的海冰密集度具有很好的相关：弗瑞姆海峡的海冰体积和面积的输送涉及到海冰密集度、厚度和移动速度，是判断模式模拟能力的一个综合的指标，模式模拟的结果与卫星反演或重建的面积输送、体积输送具有很好的一致性；(5)分析了模拟的北极海冰厚度的气候变率及气候平均表层海流场，结果表明：北极海冰的总体积有显著减少的趋势，北极海冰总体积的变化具有10a际尺度振荡的特点，存在18-20a和12-13a两个主周期；北极海冰的平均厚度在各个海区的变化趋势不同，在巴伦支—喀拉海和巴芬湾—拉布拉多海地区海冰厚度有显著的增加趋势，而其它海区存在减少的趋势；通过对模拟的气候平均表层海流的分析表明，北极河流流量超前弗瑞姆海峡海冰流量7-10年的特征时间尺度与表层海流的气候分布存在着必然联系：(6)利用模拟结果以及中国降水、气温和热带关键区SST资料，讨论了北极各海区海冰平均厚度与中国降水、气温以及热带关键区SST的关系，结果表明：在北极中心海区和楚科奇—波弗特海海冰厚度偏大，在巴伦支—喀拉海以及巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏小，则中国降水在华南地区、青藏高原和东北北部降水偏少，反之相反；在北极中心海区、东西伯利亚海、楚科奇—波弗特海以及格陵兰海海冰厚度偏小，在巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏大，则在中国东北地区、高原南部地区和海南岛附近气温偏低，反之相反；另外，北极楚科奇—波弗特海和巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏大时，在热带中东太平洋海温偏高，而在热带东南印度洋海温偏低。

The results showed compared with the native state the shear strength of rockmass under the saturation state decreased by 11.17%, cohesion force decreased by 16.09%, internal frictional angle decreased by 10.02%.(3) 3D-σFEM numerical simulation software is used to simulate the slope stability on the native state and saturation state. Compared with the nature state the displacement of the discontinuity and stress concentration in the saturation state is largened clearly, the results showed slope stability under the rainfall is weakened.

更多含有天然结构面的岩体试件进行了不同含水量下的强度试验，试验结果证明在岩体试件处于饱水状态时的结构面抗剪强度比天然状态下平均下降了11.17%、粘聚力平均下降了16.09%、内摩擦角平均下降了10.02%；(3)采用3D-σ有限元数值软件对K86+180～K86+470段岩质边坡进行了三维有限元数值模拟，并且分天然状态分阶段开挖和饱水状态分阶段开挖两种不同状况进行了稳定性分析，从分析结果可以看出与天然状态相比，饱水状态下软弱层水平方向位移明显增大，坡脚及软弱层特别是软弱层临空面附近的剪应力值显著增大，并且其安全系数与天然状态相比也显著减小，说明在有大的降雨发生当岩体处于饱水状态时边坡整体稳定性被削弱，边坡失稳可能性增大。

Compared with conventional irrigation, APRI treatment during different growth stages of tobacco saved irrigation water by 10.6% under lower fertilization and 7.1% under higher fertilization, respectively.

与常规灌溉相比，不同生育期APRI处理低肥时平均节水10.6%，高肥时平均节水6.1%，低肥时烟叶WUE平均提高2.3%。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。