常数

ABSTRACT Aiming at problems of trans-vector controller in a vehicle-carried induction motor such as variable rotor and stator resistance following motor temperature, and their inductance varying with flux saturation degrees. Firstly, CSI and VSI are introduced, for CSI, it can hold the advantages both FOC and DTC using stator flux directional, PI parameter and simulation are also introduced. Secondly, equations of IM in the synchronous rotary frame and its static counterpart, as figuring in the saturation condition of magnetic field, are dealt in this paper and the simulation results are presented. Thereafter, the parameter designing of PI trans-vector controller is processed, which features the non-linear model. In practical realization, as neglecting the dynamical change of motor inductance, this paper employs online modification of inductance parameters, according to the flux saturation, then transforms the non-linear equations into linear ones, and so compacts the structure of controller. Thirdly, in view of the maximum torque output is extraordinary requisite when Electrical Vehicle start up, accelerate, and overtake, this paper issues the maximum torque when both inverter and battery capacity is corporeally definite. Fourthly, on-line differentiating and analyzing both rotor's time constants and its flux by using the expanding order reduction and discrete Kalman filter equation are fathomed, in order to realize high-performance trans-vector algorithm, and also the simulation results are presented. Fifthly, the close-loop regenerative brake system, when the EV's torque is set constant, is deduced; at the same time, unification of electric drive model and brake model is executed. Combined with maximum charge current demands, the mathematical model for online yielding torque as a demand.

本论文针对车载异步电机在矢量控制器所遇到的问题：定转子电阻随温度变化及随电机饱和程度变化的转子电感及定子电感而影响电机调速性能提出一套完整的解决方案：分析了电流型逆变器和电压型逆变器在实现矢量控制时控制器参数的计算，分析出对于电流型逆变器在采用定子磁场定向时，其性能同时具有矢量控制和直接转矩控制两者的优势，并对电压型逆变器在转子磁场定向下的模型进行了仿真研究；建立异步电机非线性模型，推导出考虑磁饱和时异步电机在同步旋转坐标系及静止坐标系下的方程，并做出了仿真结果，建立异步电机在非线性模型下的矢量控制调节器的PI参数设计，在实际应用中，若忽略电机电感的动态变化，可以根据当前的磁路饱和状态而在线修正电感参数，从而将非线性方程线性化，降低控制器的复杂度；考虑到电动汽车在起动和加速超车时需要电机有最大转矩输出，本文讨论在逆变器容量一定和电池供电能力有限的情况下电机最大转矩输出问题；推导了异步电机扩展降阶、离散卡尔曼滤波方程在线辨识转子时间常数和转子磁通，用于实现高性能的矢量控制算法，并给出了仿真结果；推导出了电动汽车恒转矩给定的闭环回馈制动系统，实现了电动控制模型和制动模型的统一，而且结合铅酸电池最大充电电流的要求，为制动转矩在线给定建立了数学模型；设计了基于双DSP系统的高性能矢量控制器软硬件框图，并以大量实验数据说明矢量控制在电动汽车应用的实际应用状况。

The time constant assumes a resistive + inductive circuit e.g.

时间常数假设电阻+电感电路（如没有电容器或活性成分）。

The authors analyze the mechanics of ozone generated by corona discharge and the elements of surface discharging electrode and conclude that heightening the inductivity and the surface resisitivity of the dielectric and decreasing the thickness of the dielectric can increase the productivity of the ozone generator.

本文论述了电晕放电法产生臭氧的机理和沿面放电用电极的结构及影响因素，认为提高电介质的介电常数、表面电阻率和降低电介质的厚度可以提高臭氧发生器的效率。

Current tuning is introduced, and the speed open-loop transfer function is established based on current closed-loop. A mathematical inequation about the speed open-loop transfer function is deduced, then the measured amplitude-frequency data is introduced in the inequation, thus the mathematic expressions about moment of inertia and mechanism time constant are obtained.

引入了电流校正环节，建立了基于电流闭环的速度开环传递函数，推导了关于该速度开环传递函数的数学不等式，再将实际测得的幅频特性代入此不等式中，得到了关于转动惯量和机械时间常数的数学表达式。

Meanwhile,extreme value theory and infinite series are used to get the extreme value.

主机与辅机的速度和单位时间的耗油量均相同且为常数，油

The micro-indentation results show that both theories for finite and infinitesimal deformation agree well with experimental data by suitably chosen material lengths. The results for fracture show that the difference between finite and infinitesimal deformation only exists in the vicinity very close to crack tip.

结果显示通过改变材料常数大变形和小变形都可以和微压痕实验结果吻合好，大小变形理论在断裂问题上的区别仅仅存在于非常靠近裂纹尖端处。

Many traditional compiler optimizations fall into this category: copy and constant propagation, redundant expression elimination, dead code elimination, peephole optimizations, function inlining, tail recursion elimination and so forth.

许多种传统的编译器优化方式都可以归结于这两种方法，比如说：copy and constant propagation（用常数取代程序中不变化的变量），冗余表达式消去，死代码消去，Peephole优化，Inline函数，尾部递归消去（展开在程序尾部的递归，减少堆栈消耗

In high resistance circuits, the noise bandwidth is often limited by the time constant of the source resistance and input capacitance, and this value In this case, noise bandwidth is

在高阻电路中，噪声带宽常常受到源电阻和输入电容的时间常数的限制。这个数值为上述各种噪声带宽计算结果中的最小者。在这种情况下，噪声带宽为

If you have a range of 32 or less characters, you can store the bits in an integer constant

如果您有32个或更少字符的范围，您可以存储在一个整数位常数

Suppose that and are integrable on and is a constant .

设函数和在上都可积，是常数，则和+都可积，并且

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。