带电粒子

The scattering coefficients of a single charged sphere are deduced. And with spherical vector wave functions and addition theorem, the scattering coefficients of multiple charged and uncharged spheres are derived. The sampling method of simulating a Gaussian beam in use of MC is provided.

详细推导了单个带电球粒子的散射系数；并采用矢量波函数展开方法结合矢量波函数的加法定理导出了高斯波束入射多个带电/不带电球粒子的散射系数；提出了用MC模拟高斯波束的抽样方法。

Electric current: Movement of electric charge carrier s.

电流：带电亚原子粒子、离子或空穴等荷电粒子的运动。

Regarding jargon: A charged particle is a particle that has charge.

关於术语：一个带电的粒子是一个带电荷的粒子。

Using a perturbation method, these linearized equations are solved for a composite sphere with the charge densities of the rigid core surface and of the surface layer as the small perturbation parameters. Analytical expressions for the settling velocity and electrophoretic mobility of the composite sphere in closed form have been obtained from a balance among its hydrodynamic, electrostatic, and/or gravitational forces.

以复合粒子之固体核心表面的电荷密度和多孔性表面层内的固定电荷密度为二个微小扰动参数，应用正规微扰法来求解这些已线性化之主导方程式，再藉平衡作用於复合粒子的重力、静电力和流体阻力等三种力后，可得到带电球形复合粒子的沉降速度及电泳可动度的解析形式表示式。

For a fixed particle volume, the influences of the key parameters of the system under consideration, including the thickness of double layer, the aspect ratio of a particle, the relative size of a cylindrical pore, and the charged conditions on the particle and pore surfaces, on the on the mobility of the particle are discussed.

首先，我们先固定所有粒子的体积大小，然后再改变不同的电双层厚度、粒子与边界本身带电与否、管径的大小以及粒子或边界本身带电情形的不同，分别将这些因素作用在不同椭球粒子上，并根据其相对所产生的泳动率之大小做讨论。

During 1899, Germany scientists Elster and Geitel discovered the particle in the air did carry with electrical, and this kind of particle was called the "Air ion".

在1899年，Elster和Geitel这两位德国科学家首次发现空气中含有带电的粒子，此粒子后来被称为「空气离子」。

The effecting factors of charge for pulverized matter are briefly introduced, the charging reason is described from the existing phenomena of electrostatic charge, when the granule is contacted and fricative with, separated from the outside mechanic material used.

介绍了粉体带电的影响因素，从粒子与外用机械材料和粒子接触、擦、分离时发生静电的现象，对带电原因进行了阐述。

This dissertation involves the study of the growth dynamics of colloidal particles under unequilibrium and irreversibility condition. Firstly, it is of interest to investigate whether the ideal diffusion or reaction-limited aggregation universal behavior can be observed for the initially polydisperse practical system of basic yttrium carbonate as well. The fractal structure of basic yttrium carbonate aggregate cluster was observed using transmission eletron microscopy. The aggregation kinetics of basic yttrium carbonate colloids was studed using dynamic 1ight-scattering techniques. At 1.00mol/l NaCl solution the fast diffusion-limited aggregation behavior was observed with an increase in the aggregate size over time described by a power law. The aggregates are characterized by a fractal dimension D=1.82. The disordered and ramified cluster is consisted of primary colloidal particles and tenuous and more open. These are in good agreement with those observed for other colloidal system such as colloidal gold (1.86), silica (1.85) and polystyrene latex (1.82) in diffusion-limited aggregation from the static and dynamic light scattering by Lin. Therefore ideal diffusion-limited aggregation behavior can be observed in practical polydisperse system as well. Smoluchwski and fractal theories were used to obtain the aggregation rate constant for initially polydisperse system for the first time.

本论文研究胶粒的非平衡不可逆聚集动态学，分为两个部分，第一部分是通过实验研究一个新的初始多分散的碱式碳酸钇胶粒实际体系中，聚集标度性质的普适性，即使用透射电子显微技术观测聚集粒子簇的分形结构，使用动态激光光散射研究碱式碳酸钇胶粒的聚集动力学，胶粒带电而产生静电排斥作用使得碱式碳酸钇胶粒处于稳定状态，当加入电解质NaCl溶液时，碱式碳酸钇胶粒间的Debye-Hückel屏蔽距离缩短，从而降低静电排斥能垒，引起胶粒发生不可逆聚集，加入电解质NaCl的浓度为1.00mol/l时，碱式碳酸钇胶粒进行快速聚集，经历扩散控制聚集机理，形成结构疏松、更为开放的分形聚集粒子簇，其分形维数为1.82，碱式碳酸钇胶粒聚集增长动力学遵循幂函数增长规律，与Lin等使用静态激光光散射和动态激光光散射测量硅胶(1.85)、金胶(1.86)和聚苯乙烯胶乳(1.82)在扩散控制聚集状态形成聚集粒子簇的分形维数值以及粒子簇聚集增长的动力学规律相一致，表明胶粒聚集标度性质的普适性质在初始多分散的实际体系中也是存在的，首次由动态激光光散射的实验数据得到初始多分散胶粒分形粒子簇的聚集速率常数，并且其值与Smoluchowski聚集速率理论预期相符。

By a theoretical model, influences from electron temperature, ion temperature, plasma flow and secondary electron emission are mainly analyzed.

主要讨论了电子温度、离子温度、等离子体流动以及二次电子发射对尘埃带电的影响；数值计算研究了尘埃带电的弛豫时间；在考虑了离子拖拽力作用下，估算了尘埃粒子在聚变装置中的运动速度；针对碳材料的尘埃理论计算得到了粒子的寿命。

It is because of Cerenkov effect "electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle passes through an insulator at a speed greater than the speed of light in that medium"

正是因为切伦柯夫效应&当带电粒子穿过透明介质时，如果它的速度超过了光在介质中的速度时，会沿一定方向发射可见光。&

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。