带电粒子

Compared with the model which considering alpha particle depositing its energy instantaneously into the plasma, the temporal evolution of plasma temperature and particle number density are calculated.

第二章导出了带电粒子在等离子体中慢化的能量变化率和阻止本领，以及两种拥有独立温度的带电粒子之间的能量交换率。

In Coulomb's Law, the force exerted on one charged particle by another is directed along the line connecting the two particles, and, away from the other particle if both particles have the same kind of charge (both positive, or, both negative) but, toward the other particle if the kind of charge differs (one positive and the other negative).

牛顿第二运动定律公式如下：。。。。在库伦定律中，由一个带电粒子所施加在另一个粒子上的力沿著连接两粒子的一条直线，如果两个粒子有同样的电荷则此力为排斥力，如果两个粒子有同样的电荷，则为吸引力。

The force exerted on one charged particle by another is directed along the line connecting the two particles, and, away from the other particle but, toward the other particle

C： 在库伦定律中，由一个带电粒子所施加在另一个粒子上的力是被指向连接两粒子的一条直线，与另一粒子反向，但朝向另一粒子

We got that,the charged particles be binded in this field,and canonly move along the magnetic line of force as spiral motion and the positive charges andnegative charges moved in opposite direction which be fromed the big molecular groups thatbe hardly absorption,by means of incrustation preventing.

讨论了轴对称非均匀磁场对带电粒子的作用，分析了"磁约束"对防垢、除垢的微观机理，指出满足磁约束理论的轴对称非均匀磁场的防垢，除垢效果好的原因，正是由于在这种磁场中，带电粒子的运动被约束在一定磁面上的某一磁感应线附近做以该磁感应线为中心的螺旋运动，且正、负离子的回旋方向相反，从而形成内部相互作用较弱的大分子簇团不易吸附在管壁上，达到防垢目的；磁化水的渗透压较大，可起到除垢效果。

The application of polar coordinates system in the CNC LATHE-MILLING;2. A fast particle-moving algorithm for particle-in-cell simulation of plasmas in polar coordinates system was proposed, in which the local rectangular coordinates approximation was used in the area near the position of the charged particle at every time step.

提出了一种在极坐标系下快速推进带电粒子的等离子体粒子模拟算法，该算法在每个时间步长内对带电粒子位置附近的区域采用局部直角坐标系近似，并通过坐标变换，得到粒子运动方程求解的显式格式，从而避免了极坐标系下隐式格式直接迭代求解所带来的容许误差，并提高了计算效率。

The interaction of electromagnetic waves and electriferous particles was considered and the equation of motion for an average electron in the plasma was established. And the effective permittivity of flame was deduced.

文中在考虑带电粒子运动与电磁场之间耦合作用的基础上，建立等离子体中带电粒子运动方程，推导了与火焰微观特性相关的复等效介电系数表达式。

PIC result shows that the alteration of spatial potential in the discharge space directly affected the distribution of the charged particles, it is just the fluctuation of potential distribution caused the density distribution of the charged particles, thus an alternating-electric field formed in the plasma space.

采用二维PIC-MCC方法对氮气对称结构射频放电进行了模拟研究，粒子模拟结果表明：放电空间内空间电势的变化直接影响了带电粒子的分布，正是电势分布的波动使得带电粒子的密度分布也出现了波动。等离子体空间内形成了交变电场。

As for the study of isospin in intermediate energy HICs, we've investigated how bothstength and density dependence of symmetry potential affect many measurableobservables, such as the yield, phase-space, and isospin distributions of fragments, as wellas the correlations between Intermediate-Mass-Fragment multiplicity 〓 andCharged-Particle multiplicity 〓 Light-Charged-Particle multiplicity 〓 andNeutron multiplicity 〓. The aim is to find sensitive observables specifically for strengthand density dependence of SP.

在中能重离子碰撞的同位旋研究方面，分别研究了对称势的强度和其密度依赖形式对中能重离子核反应各类碎片产物产额、相空间、及其同位旋的分布，中等质量碎片多重数与带电粒子多重数、轻带电粒子多重数、中子多重数的关联等多种实验观测量的影响，以获取对称势中该两方面的信息，尤其着重于研究如何分别获取有关该两方面的信息的途径。

We use the single particle model and find a new nonlinear resonant acceleration criterion analytical: nw(1)+mw(2)=NW, m,n,Nare integers, w(1,w(2), W are the frequency of the two waves and the charged particle cyclotron respective,this result can be extended to the multiple waves ,we make numerical simulation and numerical results are consistent with the analytical results. This paper consists six chapters.

因此本文从基本的情况开始，以两个静电波与磁化等离子体相互作用问题为研究出发点，通过多标度展开的理论方法，求解带电粒子的运动方程，得到的一个新的非线性共振加速条件：nw(1)+mw(2)=NW，（m，n，N为整数，W，w(1)，w(2)分别为带电粒子的回旋频率以及两个静电波的频率），该结果可以推广到多个静电波作用于磁化等离子体的情况，随后通过数值计算证实了解析结论的可靠性。

In deep space laser ranging missions for gravitational-wave astronomy, astrodynamics and test of relativity, like LISA, ASTROD I and ASTROD, charging of drag-free test mass due to exposure of the spacecraft to various energetic particles in the space environment can affect the quality of the science data due to spurious Coulomb and Lorentz forces.

在LISA， ASTROD I和ASTROD之类用于探讨引力波天文、天文动力学和相对论测试的深空激光探测计划中，暴露在空间粒子环境中的无拖曳测试质量将会受各种带电粒子的影响而带电，引起库伦力和洛伦兹力干扰，从而影响实验数据的精度。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。