帝制

The thesis attempts to establish that constitutional monarchy and monarchism are two inseparable aspects of Yang Du"s thoughts, which combined to influence him and prompt him to place his hope on Yuan Shih-kai"s "Hong-xian Monarchy" in the early Republican Era. As a result, he was long taken advantage of by Yuan Shih-kai and was deplorably labeled "chief culprit of monarchism".

通过以上三章的分析，本文试图论证：君主立宪和帝王之学是杨度宪政思想不可分割的两面，它们合力作用于杨度，促使他在民国初年把实现政治理想的希望寄托于逆历史潮流而动的袁世凯，并视"洪宪帝制"为契机而长期为袁利用，沦为"帝制祸首"。

What are the main social groups into which Fitzpatrick divides Tsarist society?

Fitzpatrick所分类的俄国帝制社会中最主要的社团是什么？

This study describes the multi-facet systematic evolution of the said rural community from 1907 to 2007: from the perspective of ethnic culture, it has changed from a single ethnic cultural community of Yoghur(Ethnic Yugur\'s self-name) ethnic group into a multi-ethnic cultural community with Yoghur ethnic group as the dominating majority and embracing the ethnic groups of Han, Tibetan, Tu, Mongolian and Kazak; from the perspective of language, it has changed from a community where Yoghur and Tibetan languages dominated with the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language as the subordinate into one where the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language dominate with the Yoghur language as the subordinate; in the perspective of marriage and heirship system, from a parallel operation of two systems (patrilineal heirship for official marriages and matrilineal heirship system for matrimonial forms through the head-wearing ceremony) to monogamy and patrilineal heirship; in the perspective of means of living, from animal husbandry complemented with hand knitting and camel caravan transporting to agricultural farming complemented with animal husbandry and many others; in the perspective of social organization, from a traditional tribe to a modern country society; in the perspective of political system and social management, from the customs-authority management which combined the dominating headman hereditary system under the tribal union of an imperial dynasty and the subordinating elite influence, to the resource-interest management of party-government departmental system under the ethnic minority autonomy of a nation state; in the perspective of religious faith, from a coexistence of the Gelug Tibetan Buddhism and Shamanism and the devout ancestor worship to the currently prevalent ancestor worship with religions declining and faith weakening; in the perspective of education, from the local-knowledge-oriented education to an official-knowledge-oriented education, in which modern schooling has become the major educational organization instead of the former traditional temple education; the school has replaced the temple as the "knowledge-culture" communication center; at least in the minds of the local people the central role of family education during the children\'s cultural development has also been replaced by schooling.

本研究描述了1907～2007年间，这个乡村社区的多面向的系统变迁：从族群文化的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔为绝对主体的单一族群文化社区转变为一个以尧乎尔为主体的、有汉、藏、土、蒙古、哈萨克等组成的多元族群文化社区；从语言文字的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔语和藏文为主，以汉语方言和汉文为辅的社区转变为一个以汉语方言和汉文为主，以尧乎尔语为辅的社区；从婚姻与继嗣制度的角度而言，从一个双系并行(明媒正娶婚行父系继嗣制度，帐房戴头婚行母系继嗣制度)的社区转变为行一夫一妻制和父系继嗣制度的社区；从生计方式的角度看，从一个以畜牧业生产为主，以手工编织和驼队运输为辅的社区转变为一个以农业为主，以牧业为辅的、多种生计方式并存的社区；从社会组织的形态而言，从一个传统部落社会转变为一个现代乡村社会；从政治制度和社会控制的角度而言，从帝制王朝的部落联盟制下头目世袭制为主，户族精英为辅的习俗—权威型控制方式转变为一个民族-国家中民族区域自治制度下以党政科层制的资源—利益型控制方式；从宗教信仰的角度而言，从一个格鲁派藏传佛教和萨满教并存，祖先崇拜之风甚烈的社区转变为寺庙衰落、信仰淡化、惟祖先崇拜仍广为流行的社区；从教育的角度而言，从一个以地方知识教育为主的社区转变为一个以官方知识教育为主的社区，现代学校教育取代了传统寺庙教育成为社区的主要教育组织形式，学校取代寺庙成为"知识—文化"传播的中心，在青少年儿童的文化成长过程中，家庭教养扮演的中心角色，至少在乡民的观念上被学校教育替代。

The United States had not been executed imperialistic, have a czar impossibly also.

美国没实行过帝制，也就不可能有皇帝。

Chapter Three points out that "Hong-xian Monarchy" was crucial in studying Yang Du"s thoughts of constitutionalism,which, as an important turning point in his political career, highlighted the ebb and flow of Yang Du"s theory of monarchism and constitutionalism in the particular historical period.

洪宪帝制是研究杨度君宪思想的一个重要环节，作为杨度政治道路的一个重要转折点，突出体现了杨度帝王之学与君宪思想在特定历史时期此消彼长的关系。

After the Yuan Shih-kai"s "Hong-xian Monarchy was overthrown, Yang Du, after much desperation and insight, completely discarded his thoughts of constitutional monarchy and theory of monarchism.

洪宪帝制覆亡后，经历了绝望和顿悟的杨度，悉数抛弃君宪思想与帝王之学，跟随孙中山走民主宪政之路，继而加入中国共产党，走到了时代前列。

Confucius knew but one form of government, the traditional monarchy of his native land.

孔子知道，但其中的政府形式，传统的帝制的他的祖国的土地。

In 1789 the people of France overthrew their monarchy and established the first French Republic.

在1789年法国人民推翻帝制，建立自己的第一法兰西共和国。

Then, Gilbert Reid vigorously supported Yuan Shikai to held the post of temporary president, and pleaded for his despotic behavior and restoring monarchy.

李佳白则极力支持袁世凯担任临时大总统，并为其专制行为和复辟帝制辩护。

Not all women in Tsarist Russia advocated education and independence the way Tatlina did.

在俄帝制的统治下，不是所有的妇女都像Tatlina提倡教育和独立的。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。