市民政治

Civil Society ; Political state ; Civil law ; Interfluve between public and private law ; Economic state ; Economic law ; Interject of public and private law ; Reform of public management

市民社会；政治国家；民法；公私法分野；经济国家；经济法；公私法融合；公共管理改革

Through discussing the transformation of the system of lawyers during the generation and development of it, and analyzing the phenomena of practicing alienation which have emerged from the Chinese lawyering under Chinese system of lawyers in force, and combining the relevant internal and external theories, we hope to demonstrate some opinions.The first, the external conditions which included the considerable authoritative position of the law and the widespread acceptance by civilian under the rule-by-law situation of the west as England, U-S-A, France and Germany, and the internal conditions which included the great professional practical skills and the improvement of the autonomous and self-governing systems, had formed a great solid base for the establishment and development of the system of lawyers of the West.

拙文通过对律师制度的产生与发展过程中的制度演变的讨论，通过对中国现行律师制度之下中国律师业出现的执业异化的现象的剖析，从政治国家与市民社会的理论模型入手，结合国内外有关的理论探讨，力图说明以下观点：首先，已建立了律师制度的英、美、法、德等西方国家的高度法治状态下法律具有的至高无上的权威地位和民众对律师职业的内在认同等外部条件，以及律师具有的高度专业化的服务技能与他人无法取代的业务素养和律师业自治自律的机制的不断强化等内在条件，为这些西方国家的律师制度奠定了非常坚实的构建和发展的基础。

A Moslem in Turkey -- whether Turk, Arab, or negro -- is simply a Moslem, and a Christian is a Roman, or Armenian, or Maronite, etc. Our Western idea of separating politics from religion, of being on the one hand loyal citizens of our country and on the other, as a quite distinct thing, members of some Church, is unknown in the East.

穆斯林在土耳其-无论是土耳其人，阿拉伯人，还是黑人-根本是一个穆斯林，基督徒的是罗马，还是亚美尼亚语，或龙族等西方分开的想法，从政治，宗教，正在对美国，一方面忠于市民，为我们的国家和对其他，作为一个截然不同的事，大家的一些教会，是未知的，在东方。

Since Roman law,great as is its change,private ownership is always held the foundation and pivot of man's property system,which has irreplaceable value to the respectable civilian life and political state.

自罗马法始，私人所有权虽历沧桑之巨变，却一直是人类财产权制度的基础和核心，其对于个人有尊严的进行市民生活乃至政治国家之进步，都具有不可替代之价值。

By 通过 John Lettice 约翰莱蒂斯| The bosses of the UK's major airlines have attacked plans to force airport workers to enrol in the national ID card scheme, claiming that the UK aviation industry is being used for political purposes on a project which has questionable public support.

& |老板英国的主要航空公司曾攻击计划，迫使机场工人报名参加，在全国身份证计划，声称&英国航空业正被用於政治目的的一个项目，其中有疑问的市民的支持。

The idea behind the newly created posts was that political appointees would provide more accountable government than bevies of civil servants.

当前，本地评论员认为，争议的焦点集中在政府领导人身上，相对于普通市民来说，他们的护照更能反映出其政治忠诚度。

Its residents, we are told,"hewed to the little things of life, which left them stranded on the margins when it came to politics."

关于上海的居民，作者告诉我们，上海的市民，都是把人生往小处做的。对于政治，都是边缘人

The author argues that the transnational legal process by which the Bank internalizes indigenous rights norms into domestic legal systems is influenced by external factors (domestic political and legal constraints and the level of civil society activism) and internal factors power relations within the Bank.

作者认为：世界银行将原住民的权利标准内部化于该国的法律系统之内这一法律全球化过程受到外部因素（国内政治与法律约束和市民社会激进主义水平）和内部因素（世界银行内部的权力关系）的影响。

To understand the idea "Rising sun from the grassland that never set" in more depth, the architects believe that this more friendly and intimating square would transcend the normal concepts of form making, to create a vitalizing place for gathering.

深化了&草原上升起不落的太阳&的概念，具体到人性化，生活场景化，建筑师深信在现今以及未来，广场的职能将由最初的政治功能，到西方单纯的图形构成元素最终演变为聚集人气的广场，人们自己休闲娱乐的地方，市民可以在这里享受午后的阳光，带上全家老小流连于此，孩子们可以在这里放风筝，做游戏等等，尽情享乐

Beijing is the capital city of China and the center of culture and international exchanges of this country. The city's mission to host the Olympiad in 2008 and build up itself to a world city requires a great number of foreign -language-speaking professionals and overall improvement upon foreign languages related qualities of citizens.

北京作为中国的首都，全国的政治、文化中心和国际交往中心，面临着举办2008年奥运会、建设现代化国际城市的重要使命，不但需要一大批熟悉国际交往的外语人才，更需要全体市民外语素质的普遍提高。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。