市民政治

This divergence between the urban burgher society and the feudal state has prepared the social and material conditions and institutional basis necessary for the modern nation state.

西欧城市市民社会同封建政治国家的分立，从社会结构与力量的意义上为近代西欧民族国家的确立和发展，提供了必要的社会物质条件和组织基础。

The nation state of early modern Europe, however, did not rise out of the divergence of the burgher class and the feudal power.

市民阶级政治思想家从基本的人类理性出发，抽象并论证出独立的、个体人的自然本性和基本权利，进而引申出新时代的国家权力观念、民族共同体观念、民主与共和观念和契约权利观念等人类社会共同体生活的一般理性准则，从而不仅为近代民族国家的确立和发展创设了有利的社会舆论氛围和新价值导向，同时还在理论上规定了近代民族国家的政治思想框架。

In late Medieval Europe, the burgher society that grew out of the recovery of agriculture and the revival of commerce has already been given its social structure and taken up its social role, whereas the feudal state that was opposed to it has yet to be unified and centralized.

建立在农业经济恢复、商业贸易复兴基础上的西欧城市市民社会，其社会结构与角色功能已经大体成型，对立面则是尚未形成统一中央集权的封建政治国家。

As the most fundamental method to express democratic rights in civic society, it functions as legal means in public fields, providing a basis for the legality of politics.

它作为市民社会民主权利表达的最基本方式，发挥公共领域的合法性功能，为政治的合法性提供基础。

The chief measures to consolidate democracy are to decentralize, to develop political culture and to establish civil society.

民主巩固的主要措施是下放权力，培养民主政治文化，形成市民社会。

In the period of political reform deep-going and perfecting, social intermediate organization would be flourishing in China.

伴随政治体制改革的深入和完善，社会中介组织的发展在我国正方兴未艾，因为它们不仅是市民社会的基础性力量，同时也是政府失败、市场失灵和合同失效的有效替代。

Followed by the disaggregating of country's control mold,"country and society" dual social construction lead to form.

目前我国社会正处于现代化的发展阶段，长期存在的国家与社会高度统一的僵化模式正在趋于解体，政治国家与市民社会的二元社会结构正在逐步确立。

The; external cause such as diversification of system of the rapid development that the article never is the same as the internal matter that its form angle dug and exterior reason; to think its internal cause is higher education, education management and project major and academic oneself development is the influence of concept of culture of citizen society, politics and market element.

文章从不同角度探究其形成的内部原因和外部原因；认为其内因是高等教育的迅速发展、教育管理体制多样化以及工程专业和学院自身发展等；外因是市民社会、政治文化理念和市场因素的影响。

Five phases can be distinguished in the historical development of this exemplar: 1 Before 1844: Criticizing Prussian feudalism in light of bourgeois revolution and making the bürgerliche Gesellschaft the departure point for study

这一范式的历史性生成和发展，经历了五个阶段：(1)1844年之前，借助资产阶级革命的政治成果批判普鲁士封建制度，并确立"市民社会"为研究的出发点

In that article, the uppermost value-goal of human rights is put forward by Marx. That is the liberation of people. And this paper discusses on the Characteristics of Marx's On The Jewish Question, such as the animadversion on divinity, the hankerer for the harmoniousness between individuals and groups, and the ideality for the liberation of people.

本文试图揭示马克思在《论》中所体现的主要批判原则和价值立场，包括：批判宗教神学的历史唯物主义原则，批判政治、市民社会二元化中所体现的对个体与类和谐统一的追求及以人为基本价值取向的人类解放理想，对我们今天的马克思研究具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。