市民政治

The benignant interaction of civil society and market economy,democracy is revealing that we can frame civil society's running pattern for the present stage from four aspects of market economy development,government function change,civic organization cultivation,and management of legalization in China.

自20世纪80年代末以来，市民社会理论再度流行起来，并成为当代西方学术研究的一个热门话题。而在我国，经济政治改革和社会主义市场经济体制的逐步确立，推动了经济的高速增长和社会结构的巨大变迁，原有的社会政治权力关系和利益关系不断被调整和重构。

In classis theory of civil society, civil society refers to civilization whose opposite is wild society; it is not distinct from political society, the same as political society and civilization.

在古典市民社会理论中，市民社会是指与野蛮社会相对的文明社会；并且与政治社会没有区分，也就是它与政治社会、文明社会属于同一概念。

The essay will then analyze the historical background and origins of his political thoughts, the turbulent society at that time provides a lively experimental space for the development of his political thoughts and Guicciardini undoubtedly absorbs the essence.

文章接着分析圭恰迪尼政治思想诞生的时代大背景以及思想渊源，变幻莫测的乱世对政治思想的发展提供了一个活生生的实验场，圭恰迪尼无疑成为其中的集大成者，圭氏对古典共和主义及先前的市民人文主义者的共和主义政治观有直接的继承关系，甚至经院哲学派对圭氏的政治思想也有极大的影响。

T he division of private law and public law is also formed in the field of law.

随着社会的发展，传统的关于市民社会与政治国家截然分开的理论受到挑战，政治国家与市民社会日渐融合，经济法的出现是这种趋势在法律上的体现之一。

In his literary and dramatic works, Lessing expressed the thoughts to Enlighten and foster the national sprit and even to set up an integral national civilization; what"s more, he opposed the feudal separationist rule with his ideal of Kosmopolitismus. At that time, after succeeding and developing European humanist tradition, Lessing formed his religious philosophy and religious tolerance, with his rational opinion, he deepened the profundity of German Enlightenment. Furthermore, he created townspeople"s drama and advocated the realistic aesthetics. On the one hand, he praised their disposition and expressed their political desire and class interest, which made the townspeople as a new motive force to the German Enlightenment. In addition, Lessing"s Enlighten. thoughts greatly influenced the following movement—Sturm Und Drang. The essence of Lessing"s thoughts is our common valuable prosperity.In a word. Germany then greatly needed a person like Lessing, and Lessing was the child of German Enlightenment.

面对法国文化长期统治德国文化界的现状，莱辛勇敢地站出来反对"法国化"倾向，对德意志全社会进行民族启蒙，通过戏剧理论及作品，表达了建立统一的民族文化、培植德意志民族精神的思想，同时他提倡世界主义，并用它来为民族主义服务，以反对当时德国的分裂割据；他的宗教哲学思想及宗教宽容精神继承和发扬了西欧的人文主义传统，反映了莱辛的理性观，也针砭了当时德国的时弊，是他对德国启蒙运动进行的有益的探索，拓宽了德国启蒙运动的深度；莱辛在实践中创作了市民剧，他的市民主义和现实主义美学思想弘扬了市民阶级的性格，表达了他们的政治愿望和阶级利益，为德国启蒙运动增加了新的动力，是莱辛所作的杰出贡献之一；莱辛的启蒙思想对后世特别是狂飙突进运动有着重大的影响，他的思想中的精华部分是人类的共同财富。

Specifically speaking, the dimension of liberty is the political liberty in the period of classical polis, contracting liberty in the period of natural law philosophy, economic liberty in the dichotomy of civil society and state in modem times, and participating liberty in the trichotomy of civil society and state and market in the contemporary era.

在市民社会理论发展的不同时期，有着不同的自由维度，具体表现为城邦时期的政治自由、自然法哲学时期的契约自由、近代市民社会与国家二分时期的经济自由、当代市民社会与国家和市场经济三分时期的参与自由。

In his literary and dramatic works, Lessing expressed the thoughts to Enlighten and foster the national sprit and even to set up an integral national civilization; what"s more, he opposed the feudal separationist rule with his ideal of Kosmopolitismus. At that time, after succeeding and developing European humanist tradition, Lessing formed his religious philosophy and religious tolerance, with his rational opinion, he deepened the profundity of German Enlightenment. Furthermore, he created townspeople"s drama and advocated the realistic aesthetics. On the one hand, he praised their disposition and expressed their political desire and class interest, which made the townspeople as a new motive force to the German Enlightenment. In addition, Lessing"s Enlighten. thoughts greatly influenced the following movement—Sturm Und Drang. The essence of Lessing"s thoughts is our common valuable prosperity.In a word. Germany then greatly needed a person like Lessing, and Lessing was the child of German Enlightenment.

面对法国文化长期统治德国文化界的现状，莱辛勇敢地站出来反对&法国化&倾向，对德意志全社会进行民族启蒙，通过戏剧理论及作品，表达了建立统一的民族文化、培植德意志民族精神的思想，同时他提倡世界主义，并用它来为民族主义服务，以反对当时德国的分裂割据；他的宗教哲学思想及宗教宽容精神继承和发扬了西欧的人文主义传统，反映了莱辛的理性观，也针砭了当时德国的时弊，是他对德国启蒙运动进行的有益的探索，拓宽了德国启蒙运动的深度；莱辛在实践中创作了市民剧，他的市民主义和现实主义美学思想弘扬了市民阶级的性格，表达了他们的政治愿望和阶级利益，为德国启蒙运动增加了新的动力，是莱辛所作的杰出贡献之一；莱辛的启蒙思想对后世特别是狂飙突进运动有着重大的影响，他的思想中的精华部分是人类的共同财富。

From the point of views of market economy,legal principle of contract,autonomy of organization,public spheres and diversifying cultures,this paper expounds the basic characteristics of civil society,In order to lay a good foundation to ensure the healthy development of market economy and democratic politics,our government should energetical...

市民社会的基本特征，可以从市场经济、契约法理、组织自治、公共领域、多元文化五个方面系统地体现。我国政府应该大力推进不同于西方的社会主义市民社会的培育，为市场经济和民主政治的健康发展奠定良好的社会基础。

Part VI discusses measures of promoting PPC in China\'s socialist democratic development. The following measures are seen as necessary: to actively create favorable conditions for PPC; to systematize and routinize PPC; to construct PPC culture in fostering and developing a civil society; to improve citizens\' PPC ability by education and practice. Only by promoting the overall effectiveness of PPC, can socialist democracy be manifested and realized.

认为，必须积极创造有利于政治参与的物质条件，必须努力促使政治参与的制度化和程序化，必须在市民社会的培育和发展中建设理性的政治参与文化，必须通过教育手段和实践途径不断提高公民的政治参与技能，必须全面提升公民政治参与的效能才能切实反映和实现社会主义民主。

The social civilization refers to the civilization evolution condition which takes the society as the essence; Viewed from the embryology vision-fields, the social civilization derives from the historical soil of political country, which is the pulling-out from political country; Viewed from the fact-judgment vision-fields, the social civilization realizes the inter-containing between civil society and political country, which is the reorganization to the political country; Viewed from the value-judgment vision-fields, the practice essence of social civilization with the politics vision-fields is to realize the person's full scale development and sustainable development.

社会文明指的是以社会为本位的文明进化状态；从发生学的角度来考察，社会文明形成于政治国家的历史土壤，是对政治国家的抽离与解构；从事实判断的角度来分析，社会文明在新的基础上实现了市民社会与政治国家的涵化，是对政治国家的重组与再造；从价值判断的角度来审视，政治学语境中社会文明的实践本质在于实现人的全面发展与可持续发展。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。