市场税

Firstly, analysis regional features of commercial and trade development of Shaanxi, Guanzhong and southern-Shaanxi during Qing dynasty in view livestock tax and transit duty tax.

通过对明清陕西牙行的设置与牙税征收数量的分析，阐述了明清陕西市场上商品流通的大致情况，以及清代陕西关中、陕南与陕北三区商贸发展的区域差异与不平衡性。

Compulsory licensing, which is permitted under world-trade rules, will allow Brazil to import unbranded copies of the drug at a quarter of the current price while paying Merck a nominal royalty.

在全球贸易规定中，强制性许可证是被允许的。这种做法就能让巴西政府以四分之一的市场价格向进口与同种药品一致却没有商标的货，并仅象征性地给美科公司支付一定的专利权税。

The thesis has three theoretic fundamentals. The first basis is the theory of international relation, which contains several concepts such as state interest, international cooperation, international regimes , international governance, international negotiation democracy and international political economy. The second one is the game theory, which includes such concepts as game theory, Nash equilibrium and Pareto optimum, six basic game graphs are prisoner's dilemma, boxed pigs, chicken, hegemony, stag bant and battle of the sexes, the major factors are information communication, benefits allocation, hegemony power, time ＆ repeated and player number etc. The third one is the theory of environmental economics, whose prime concepts are public good, externality, free riding and market failure, but the methods to internalize externality are cap ＆ trade , carbon taxes and policy ＆ measures .

本文有3个理论基础：一是国际关系理论，其基本概念包括：国家利益、国际合作、国际制度、国际治理、国际谈判民主制和国际政治经济学；二是博弈论，其基本概念包括：博弈论、纳什均衡与帕累托最优，所采用的6种基本博弈图式为，囚徒困境博弈、智猪博弈、斗鸡博弈、盟主博弈、捕鹿博弈和性别战博弈，影响博弈结局的要素主要是，信息与沟通、利益分配与利益选择、盟主与引导力量、时间与重复博弈、博弈者数量的影响；三是环境经济学理论，其基本概念包括：公共物品、外部性、搭便车和市场失灵，解决外部性的基本方法是，限量与交易、碳税和政策与措施。

With the establishment of a socialism market economics system in China after the adoption of an open policy and reform, Tax Expenditure systems were also set up and developed gigantically.

改革开放以来，伴随中国社会主义市场体制的建立，税式支出制度也得以建立，并有了大幅的发展。

It has less than a third of the market and margins on earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation came in at about 33 per cent last year compared with 54 per cent for China Mobile.

被迫运营两个互相竞争的网络，一直使中国联通受到拖累。该公司的市场份额不到三分之一，去年其息税折旧及摊销前利润率约为33%，相比之下，中国移动为54%。

Few people would want to drive them in 2010, and few of today's car buyers would relish the thought of trying to get a good price on the second hand market when the new tax came in.

没有人希望在2010年开这种车，今天的买家也不会认为，在新税开始征收时，他的车到二手市场上会讨个好价钱。

Real change will require action by governments, in the form of a global carbon tax; reform of the world trade system; and the abolition of agricultural tariffs and subsidies, notably Europe's monstrous common agricultural policy, which coddles rich farmers and prices those in the poor world out of the European market.

真正的改变需要政府行动起来，通过征收烟尘排放税、改革世界贸易体制、取消农业关税和补贴，特别是要废除荒诞的欧洲&共同农业政策&（迁就照顾富裕农户，而对那些贫困农民却漫天要价，将其赶出市场）。

Real change will require action by governments , in the form of a global carbon tax reform of the world trade system and the abolition of agricultural tariffs and subsidies , notably Europe 39 s monstrous common agricultural policy , which coddles 4 rich farmers and prices 5 those in the poor world out of the European market .

能否发生真正的改变决定于各国政府能否行动起来，如开始征收烟尘排放税，改革世界贸易体制，取消农业关税和补贴，特别是要废除荒诞的欧洲&共同农业政策&(迁就照顾富裕农户，而对那些贫困农民却漫天要价，以致其被迫离开市场)。

Real change will require action by governments, in the form of a global carbon tax. reform of the world trade system. and the abolition of agricultural tariffs and subsidies, notably Europes monstrous common agricultural policy, which coddles[4] rich farmers and prices[5] those in the poor world out of the European market.

能否发生真正的改变决定于各国政府能否行动起来，如开始征收烟尘排放税、改革世界贸易体制、取消农业关税和补贴，特别是要废除荒诞的欧洲&共同农业政策&（迁就照顾富裕农户，而对那些贫困农民却漫天要价，以致其被迫离开市场）。

And the abolition of agricultural tariffs and subsidies , notably Europe s monstrous common agricultural policy , which coddles 4 rich farmers and prices 5 those in the poor world out of the European market .

能否发生真正的改变决定于各国政府能否行动起来，如开始征收烟尘排放税，改革世界贸易体制，取消农业关税和补贴，特别是要废除荒诞的欧洲&共同农业政策&(迁就照顾富裕农户，而对那些贫困农民却漫天要价，以致其被迫离开市场)。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。