巴尔特

True to the universal watchword of pedagogic masters through the ages, Herbart relied heartily on the assumption that education's primary purpose is to make men good and thereby happy.

正如历代教育工作者所遵循的格言一样，赫尔巴特也真诚地相信，教育的最重要目的，就是要把人变得善良，从而快乐。

Pedagogue though he was⑧,whose overrlding concern lay in the realm of educational theory, it was Herbart, nevertheless, who conceived the hope of studying education as a science.

尽管他是一位教育学家，在教育学领域中叱咤风云，但是，赫尔巴特的愿望是：让教育研究成为一门科学。

So education theory has to as well as should give an answer to this humanity issue on the base of history and reality in sense of discipline.On the base of many research concerning hypothesis of humanity, this thesis find out the lack of study education theory internally and systematically. So I takes Herbart education and Dewey education as examples, one is the represent of the beginning of education as a discipline, the other is an important sign of the transformation in the development of education theory.

在借鉴教育学界内外有关人性假设研究相关成果的基础上，本论文发现教育学内部系统研究的缺失，尝试以教育学理论构建的两大代表：学科的创建之&源&，即赫尔巴特的教育学，与改造之&流&，尤其是具有转型性意义的&大拐弯&式改造，即杜威的教育学为研究范例，从中探寻教育学学科特有的人性假设，它的基本内涵及其与教育学理论构建之间的关系。

At a time when the study of the human psyche was largely a matter of guesswork, especially of those master guessers, the metaphysicians and divine scientists, Herbart tried to inject a measure of exactness into the subject by putting it on a mathematical basis.

当一段时间里，对于人的心理学研究大多、尤其是在形而上学的科学家和神学家那里被沦为猜测的时候，赫尔巴特力图从数学的基础上给这个学科一个精确的尺度。

So education theory has to as well as should give an answer to this humanity issue on the base of history and reality in sense of discipline.On the base of many research concerning hypothesis of humanity, thi s thesis find out the lack of study education theory internally and systematically. So I takes Herbart education and Dewey education as examples, one is the represent of the beginning of education as a discipline, the other is an important sign of the transformation in the development of education theory.

在借鉴教育学界内外有关人性假设研究相关成果的基础上，本论文发现教育学内部系统研究的缺失，尝试以教育学理论构建的两大代表：学科的创建之&源&，即赫尔巴特的教育学，与改造之&流&，尤其是具有转型性意义的&大拐弯&式改造，即杜威的教育学为研究范例，从中探寻教育学学科特有的人性假设，它的基本内涵及其与教育学理论构建之间的关系。

JOHANN FRIEDRICH HERBART (1776--1841)Herbart was above all a trained and discipiined thinker who passed most of the days and nights of his mature life in the herimitage of the academic community.

赫尔巴特是一个训练有素的思想家。在他成年之后的大部分岁月里，他过的是一种隐居式的学术生活。

From the perspective of theoretical research, the extreme orientation of both philosophy and psychology will lead to the contradiction and breaking of knowledge teaching and students' development. Consequently, the development of all the students to be human being would be lost. From the perspective of teaching practice, both the spoon-fed teaching and experience-constructive teaching, either controlling or indulging students, as a matter of fact, lead to the lost of cultivating students to be human being. Analyzing from the perspective of ideology, Herbart's "educational teaching", Dewey's "experience" curriculum and teaching ideology and constructivism make contributions to knowledge teaching. However, they have, constraints. If we cannot understand both their advantages and disadvantages but simply support or deny them, teaching research and practice will go to an extreme.

从理论研究上看，无论是哲学的极端趋向还是心理学的极端趋向，都会导致知识教学与学生发展的对立与断裂，最终是学生发展成人的总体失落；就教学实践看，无论是&独断一灌输式&教学还是&体验一建构式&教学，要么控制学生要么放纵学生，都在事实上引发了学生发展成人的总体失落；从思想认识上分析，赫尔巴特的&教育性教学&思想、杜威的&经验&课程与教学思想、建构主义理论都有其积极贡献，但也各有范围和条件，不能正确看待它们的理论长处和局限，单纯的推崇或简单的否定，都会致使教学研究与实践走向非此即彼的极端化立场。

Xinhuanet Managua February 10 Tegucigalpa message: Honduras Ministry of Health announced on the 10th the latest statistics show that the prevalence of HIV carriers has reached 77,000 people.

新华网马那瓜2月10日电特古西加尔巴消息：洪都拉斯卫生部10日公布的最新统计数据显示，该国境内艾滋病毒携带者已经达到7.7万人。

And Pharaoh spoke to Joseph, saying, Your father and your brothers have come to you.

47：5 法老对约瑟说，你父亲和你弟兄们到你这里来了。

Additionally, the approximate flattening of surface strip using lines linking midpoints on perpendicular lines between geodesic curves and the unconditional extreme value method are discussed.

提出了用测地线方程、曲面上两点间短程线来计算膜结构曲面测地线的方法，同时，采用测地线间垂线的中点连线和用无约束极值法进行空间条状曲面近似展开的分析。