差分学

Took Chongqing Gong-he tunnel as an engineering example and studied the failure mechanism of surrounding rock and the correlation with bolt support system by using the methods of theoretical analysis, modeling test, numerical simulation and in situ test, some helpful conclusions were arrived as follows.Firstly, a new failure criterion for transversely isotropic rock mass was proposed with consideration of bedding plane orientation and major principal stress, and the corresponding algorithm, arrived through VC++6.0, can be easily embedded into the software FLAC3D for the geotechnical calculation.

论文在国家自然科学基金专项基金创新群体基金项目(No.50621403)以及国家自然科学基金重点项目"隧道与地下空间工程结构物的稳定性与可靠性(No.50334060)"的资助下，以共和隧道为示范工程，运用理论分析、物理模型实验、数值模拟和现场测试等手段，对共和隧道大埋深段层状岩体的围岩变形破坏机理、锚杆支护力学效应及围岩-支护结构的变形特征等内容进行了研究，其主要研究成果有：①在总结和探讨国内外学者提出的层状岩体经验型连续介质破坏准则基础上，结合层状岩体力学特性，考虑层面方向和最大主应力方向两个影响因素，提出了共和隧道层状岩体横观各向同性破坏准则；采用汇编语言VC++6.0实现了横观各向同性弹塑性本构关系的算法，并嵌入FLAC3D有限差分数值分析软件接口中实现数值运算。

In recent years, with the development of modern science and technology, people have put forward a great many new neutral difference equations in natural science and social science as biology, economics, demology, physics and control theory, etc.

近年来，随着科学技术的发展，在自然科学与社会科学的许多学科中，如生物学、经济学、人口学、物理学以及控制论等，人们不断提出大量新的中立型差分方程。

First the traditional non-optical detection technology for gas concentrations is briefly introduced, such as ultra-sound technology, gas sensing, catalytic thermal, gas chromatography, interferometry applications, and then the spectral analysis based on the concentration of gas detection is discussed. The latest technological developments on the differential absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, tunable laser diode laser absorption spectroscopy, laser radar and differential absorption Raman scattering laser radar, laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy, laser Photoacoustic Spectroscopy are reviewed in detail.

首先对传统的非光学气体浓度检测技术作出了简单的介绍，包括超声波技术、气敏法、热催化法、气相色谱法、干涉法应用技术，被动检气管法，然后重点阐述了基于光谱学分析气体浓度检测技术的最新发展动态，其中分别对差分吸收光谱技术、傅里叶变换红外光谱技术、可调谐激光二极管激光吸收光谱技术、差分吸收激光雷达和拉曼散射激光雷达、激光诱导荧光光谱技术、激光光声光谱技术进行了详细介绍，最后提出了现代气体浓度检测技术的发展方向。

Advanced course covering topics selected from: semimartingale theory, stochastic integrals, homogeneous chaos expansions, stochastic differential equations, Malliavin calculus, infinite dimensional processes, functional central limit theorems, Feynman-Kac formula, Feynman integral.

随机分析：高级课程，包括：半鞅理论，随机积分，齐次混沌展开，随机差分方程， Malliavin 微积分，，有限维过程，泛函中心极限理论， Feynman-Kac公式， Feynman积分，过滤理论的应用，无限粒子系统，量子力学，神经学中的随机模型。

Methods in discrete mathematics, such as finite difference equation, simulation, coding, etc. The related cases are "Mortgage loan and other financial problems","Simulation of inventory problem","Adding cipher and extricating for Hill code", and "Input-output analysis".

某些离散问题的数学方法(差分方程问题，仿真方法，密码学等)，这部分内容相应的教学案例是"个人住房抵押贷款与其他金融问题"，"库存问题的仿真方法"，"Hill密码的加密、解密和破译"和"投入产出分析"等

On the basis of thermal transmission theory,the thermal balance equation has been founded.

以传热学的基本理论为基础，建立了热平衡方程，采用完全隐式差分法对FTSR薄板坯连铸连轧生产线上隧道炉，轧制及冷却过程中的板坯中心温度和表面温度变化进行了模拟。

Through the analysis of the flowing character of metal injection molding, a set ofessential equations describing the flowing process of metal ring injection molding areestablished on the bases of the general principles of hydrodynamics and calorifics.

通过对金属粉末注射成形流动过程规律的分析，从流体力学和传热学的基本原理出发，建立了一组描述圆筒形金属粉末注射成形流动过程的基本微分方程，经过假设与简化，得到一组简化的控制方程，采用有限差分法求解了这组微分方程，得到温度场。

Results:① Compared to cystadenomas, the tissual MVD was significantly higher in bordline cystadenomas, but signicantly lower than cystadenocarcinomas.

结果：①良性、交界性及恶性浆液性卵巢肿瘤组织中MVD值呈逐渐增高趋势，MVD值分别为7.8±2.4、17.5±3.3及27.6±7.5，三者之间差异均有显著性；浆液性卵巢癌不同的组织学分级中MVD差异有显著性，高、中及低分化组织中MVD值分别为18.3±3.4、24.2±3.1及32.3±6.4，分化程度愈差，MVD值愈高；浆液性卵巢癌不同的FIGO分期中MVD差异有显著性，Ⅲ-Ⅳ期的MVD值高于Ⅰ-Ⅱ期的MVD值，分别为28.9±4.7及22.0±4.7。

With a love that the winged seraphs of heaven coverted her and me.

想当年，我学曾在那里混了几个小时，两门科目加起来只有九十多分，不过还有比我更差的。

This course is an attempt to give the students the basic idea and method of forest management in order to prepare the management plan; Place of forest management in forestry; Content of forest management; Guide principles of forest management; Sustained working; Silvicultural system; Forest yield; Increment; Volume increment; Quality increment; Price increment; Total price increment; Forest maturity; Indicating percent; Productive stage; Physical rotation; Technical rotation; Rotation of maximum volume yield; Highest forest rent rotation; Financial rotation; Cutting cycle of selection system; Normal forest; Normal distribution of age classes; Normal arrangement of stands; Normal increment; Normal growing stock; Normal yield; Improvement of actual forest; Reserve forest; Reserve fund; Planning and plan of forest management; Forest regulation; Area allotment; Volume allotting method; Volume frame work; Area-volume combined frame work; Growing stock; Utilization percent method; Difference method; Pure age-class; Growth method; Control method; Forest subdivision; Forest surveying; Forest survey; Certainty of future policy of forest; Selection of species; Decision of silvicultural system; Decision of rotation; Regulation of future yield; Preparation of management plan; Working the plan; Control and revision of management

本课程之目的为使学生了解森林经营之基本观念及方法，以期编订经营计划，课程包括森林经营学在林学上之地位、森林经营学之内容、森林经营之指导原则、保续作业、森林作业法、森林收获、生长、材积生长、形质生长、腾贵生长、总价格生长、林木成熟期、指率、生产期、自然轮伐期、工艺轮伐期、材积收获最多轮伐期、森林纯益最大之轮伐期、财政轮伐期、择伐林之回归期、法正林、法正龄级分配、法正林分排列、法正生长、法正蓄积、法正伐采额、现时林之改良、预备林、预备金、森林经营上之规划及计划、收获预定、面积配分法、材积配分法、材积平分法、折衷平分法、蓄积法、利用率法、较差法、纯粹龄级法、生长量法、稽核法、森林区划、森林测量、森林调查、将来森林经营方针之确定、树种之选定、作业法之决定、轮伐期之判定、将来收获之预定、经营管理计划之编订、计划之执行、经营管理计划之稽核与检订。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。