差

The value of maximum red shift is almost proportion to its standard deviation.

不同标准差颗粒所对应的最大红移量与其标准差呈递增关系。

A new method of transformation between the three dimension geocentric coordinate system and independent coordinate system in adjustment of GPS networks is proposed.Compared with the conventional methods,it is not based on the 54 or 80 national reference ellipsoid.

对于区域性独立坐标系与三维地心坐标系之间的互相转换，提出了一种在GPS网平差中不以54或80国家参考椭球为过渡的平差转换方法。

In adjustment calculation of highway control survey, field observation values must be changed onto reference ellipsoid and then onto Gauss projection plane, at last the control network would be adjusted in this plane.

在公路控制测量的平差计算中，须将外业观测值化算为参考椭球面上的观测值，然后再化算为高斯平面上的观测值，并在高斯平面上进行控制网的平差计算。

Based on the theoretical model of the optical and near-infrared wavelength refractivity which is recommended by the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics's resolution in 1999, as well as, theory of Mendes(2004), we rededuce some theoretical formulae and give the practical expressions of hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic components of the refractivity.

本文基于国际大地测量与地球物理联合会1999决议推荐的光学和近红外波段的大气折射率差理论模型，在Mendes（2004）理论的基础上，对某些理论公式进行了重新推导，给出了大气折射率差静力学和非静力学分量的实用表达式。

POM is easy to form big spherical crystals due to its regular chain structure, resulting in low notched impact strength, sensitive to notch. On the other hand, POM is incompatible with most modifiers and difficult to be modified.

但聚甲醛分子链结构规整，无侧基，易结晶，形成大球晶，缺口敏感，缺口冲击强度低，韧性差，且与其它改性剂相容性差，难以增韧。

But the finite difference methods require that computational domain is regular, and usually people construct the difference scheme for one dimension and then extend it to two or three dimensions in a dimension by dimension fashion.

有限差分方法要求计算区域比较规则，而且人们往往是对一维方程构造差分格式，再用分裂方法将其推广到多维。

But the finite difference methods require that the compu-tational domain is regular,and usually people construct the finire differencescheme for one dimension and then extend it to two or three dimensions in adimension by dimension fashion.

但有限差分方法要求计算区域比较规则，而且人们往往是对一维方程构造差分格式，再用分裂方法将其推广到多维。

The advantages and limitations of every kind of methods for calculating the failure probability is reviewed. The frist order reliability method, the second order reliability method and many kinds of boundary method have achieved remarkable success and formed nature fields of reliability. However, the precision of these methods decrease as the increase of complexity of problem. The numrical methods are versatile, except numerical intergration is only adaptable to special problems which have small number variables and regular intergral domain. Particularly, the advanced variance reduction techniques own the following character: high precision and a small amount computation. But some questions remain to study in the future because only an initial work about these techniqes is developed.

全面评述了计算失效概率各种方法的优点和局限性，其中经典的解析法包括一次可靠性方法、二次可靠性方法、一阶边界法、Vanmarcke上边界、PENT上边界和Ditlevsen二阶窄边界法，这些方法对于多设计点、变量较多且相关、密度函数不是正态以及极限状态方程较复杂的情况，其计算精度较差；而已有的数值方法却是具有较好的通用性，其中除数值积分法只对变量较少、积分域较规则的特殊问题适用外，各种数值模拟方法均具有较广的适应性，特别是各种改进的方差减小技术，精度高、计算量小，但由于其处在研究的初级阶段，还有许多问题有待于解决。

It is assumed that the reinsurer's risk must be less than a given constant and in such a condition the optimal reinsurance contract in order to minimize the insurer's risk is found out.

对于原保险人的风险度量，本文采用了方差风险函数、半方差风险函数和最小一乘L_1风险函数，并且分别讨论了这三种风险度量下最优再保险函数存在的充分条件。

At the every relative momentary point of time time-space, is to the situation of observe identity mutuality gravitation and space-energy quantum spatial measurement cosmic energy at relatively determine, namely to the difference of quantity quantum of the original spatial measurement and the spatial measurement limit of cosmic energy, to the quantity of quantum spatial measurement cosmic energy, to the situation of spatial measurement and spatial curvature relative time-space cosmic energy, to the difference of spatial measurement of the gravitation exceed the space-energy of quantum spatial measurement cosmic energy, to the situation of the average density spatial energy and the temperature spatial background of relative time-space cosmic energy, to the situation of spatial measurement and spatial curvature relative vacuum cosmic energy all at relatively determine.

在时空时间的每一个相对时刻点，是对宇宙能量的宇称量子的引力与空间能的守恒状况的相对确定。即是对宇宙能量的原初宇称量子与极限宇称量子的数量差，宇宙能量的宇称量子数量，宇宙能量的相对时空的宇称及空间的曲率状况，宇宙能量的宇称量子的引力大于空间能的宇称差，宇宙能量的相对时空空间的能量平均密度及空间的背景温度状况，以及对宇宙能量的相对真空的宇称及空间的曲率状况全都在相对地确定。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。