差

And then some ellipses that AUGR estimator is better than the OLS estimator and AUGL estimator is better than the OLS estimator are given, respectively.Second, the definition of the almost unbiased unified biased estimator is proposed. This definition includes the familiar almost unbiased estimators in literatures, and it is the unified expression of the familiar almost unbiased estimators. Followed the biased and variance are compared of AUUB estimator and the unified biased estimator, respectively. AUUB estimator has smaller bias than UB estimator and the variance of AUUB estimator is between the variance of UB estimator and 4 times of the variance of UB estimator. Finally the properties of AUUB estimator are discussed. The conclusion is gained that there are parameters made AUUB estimator is better than OLS estimator in terms of their mean square error. The sufficient and necessary condition that AUUB estimator is admissible is given. The ellipse is given that AUUB estimator is

然后给出了几乎无偏统一有偏估计的定义，该定义包括了文献中常见的几乎无偏估计，实现了常见几乎无偏估计的统一表达式；接下来我们比较了几乎无偏统一有偏估计与统一有偏估计的偏度与方差，得出了几乎无偏统一有偏估计比统一有偏估计有较小的偏度，几乎无偏统一有偏估计的方差介于统一有偏估计的方差与统一有偏估计的方差的四倍之间的结论；最后我们对统一有偏估计的主要性质作了讨论，证明了存在参数K，S使得几乎无偏统一有偏估计在均方误差意义下优于最小二乘估计的结论，给出了几乎无偏统一有偏估计为可容许估计的充要条件，还给出了在均方误差阵意义下几乎无偏统一有偏估计优于最小二乘估计的椭球。

NMath Stats contains a data table class with functions for computing descriptive statistics, such as mean, variance, standard deviation, percentile, median, quartiles, geometric mean, harmonic mean, RMS, kurtosis, skewness, and many more; PDF, CDF, inverse CDF, and random variable moments for a variety of probability distributions, including normal, Poisson, chi-square, gamma, beta, Student's t, F, binomial, and negative binomial; Combinatorial functions, such as factorial, log factorial, binomial coefficient, and log binomial; Multiple linear regression; Basic hypothesis tests, such as z-test, t-test, and F-test, with calculation of p-values, critical values, and confidence intervals; One-way and two-way analysis of variance and analysis of variance with repeated measures; Multivariate statistical analyses, including principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis.

nmath统计包含一个数据表的阶层与职能计算描述性统计，如平均，方差，标准差，百分位，中位数， 25 ％，几何平均数，调和的意思是，有效值，峭度，偏度，还有更多的； PDF格式，民防部队，逆民防部队，并随机变量矩的各种概率分布，包括正常，泊松，卡方检定，伽玛，测试版，学生的吨，男，二项式，并负二项分布；组合的功能，例如阶乘，日志阶乘，二项式系数，并登入二项式；多元线性回归；基本假设测试，如的Z测试， t检验， F检验，计算p值，临界值，和置信区间；之一，双向和双方法方差分析和方差分析与反复的措施；多元统计分析，包括主成分分析和聚类分析。

Especially, the combined ratio estimator of domain total is investigated under stratified complemental sampling when auxiliary information can be used.

及该方案在分层抽样下的推广，在有辅助信息可用时构造域总量的分层联合比估计，并给出其方差和方差估计公式，同时我们给出了模拟结果，从模拟结果可以看出，给出的方差估计是估计量方差的近似无偏估计。

The dissertation turns out the software of Helmert variance component estimation and applied it into Sutong Bridge GPS control network adjustment. The control points coordinate precision are increased, it shows that Helmert variance component estimation is valuable to GPS control network adjustment in practice.

本文完成了Helmert方差分量估计软件的研制，并把该估计方法成功应用于苏通大桥GPS控制网平差处理中，经过验后估计的网点坐标精度得到提高，说明了赫尔默特方差分量估计在GPS网平差中的实用价值。

Collocation needs to know the covariance matrix of the signal vector,which is usually evaluated by a chosen covariance function and corresponding coefficient fitting.

拟合推估解算必须首先求得信号向量的方差协方差矩阵，该协方差矩阵一般通过选定的协方差函数，并通过已测点数据进行拟合得到。

Under the condition of the borehole and sandstone formation filling with oil and water, respectively, the ability is different when different energy windows are selected to distinguish formation by simulating the detector response spectrum of various diameters and length of NaI and BGO crystal. The C/O value difference of BGO crystal is higher than that of NaI crystal when the energy window includes photoelectric peak, the first and the second escape peaks, but it is less affected by the different sizes of detector crystal. Using photoelectric peak corresponding to the energy window, the C/O value difference of BGO crystal detector is much larger than that of NaI, but it increases with the crystal size increasing. The C/O value is greatly affected by energy drifting, while relatively a little by energy resolution.

对于井眼和地层流体分别为油和水砂岩地层，模拟改变NaI和BGO晶体探测器的直径和长度时的非弹性散射γ射线响应能谱，采用不同能窗处理方法对地层流体的分辨能力不同，选取光电峰和第一、第二逃逸峰对应的能量窗时，BGO晶体探测器比NaI晶体探测器测量的C/O差值大，但受尺寸的影响不大；采用光电峰对应的能量窗时，BGO晶体探测器测量的C/O差值比NaI的大得多，且随尺寸的增加差值增大；能量道的漂移对C/O值影响较大，而能量分辨率对差值影响相对较小。

A new differential operator suitable for extracting leaves'texture was studied, and the percent histogram on base of the differential operator was used in extracting texture feature of leaves.

进行了基于差分算子的相对差值百分率直方图法提取缺素叶片上颜色差形成的纹理特征研究，并且提出了适合于本研究的最大化差分算子。

This makes more and more people pay more attention to studies and applications of numerical simulation in thermal recovery. In this research, we have developed a reliable mathematical model for thermal recovery, which takes a full consideration of the effect of viscos, gravitical and capillary forces on the three-phase flow of gas, water and oil, the effect of the temperature on the medium characteristics of liquid and solid, the phase equilibrium of gas-liquid in each component, heat transportation including connection, conduction and radiation as well as heat losses in both the overburn and underlying strata. In the space discreation of the mathematical model, we have proposed a new method based on the improvement of the conventional nine-points difference approximation, which has a higher difference accurancy.

本项研究以热力采油的主要机理为基础，充分考虑在粘性力、重力和毛管力作用下油水气三相流动，考虑温度对各种流体和固体介质物性的影响，考虑每一组分中汽液两相的相平衡，考虑热在地层中的传导、对流和辐射以及上下盖层的热损失，利用热力学第一定律、质量守恒定律和流体迁移定律，建立了正确可靠的注蒸汽数学模型；在对数学模型进行空间离散时，利用控制有限体积积分法，对以往的九点差分近似作了合理的改进，使其具有较高的差分近似精度：结果表明，该公式的近似精度要比以往文献中所给的九点差分近似精度高，可以认为，在油藏数值模拟中，如果遇到非均质情况，使用这种九点差分近似更合理。

In addition, spot color screen angle in software will normally be preset to 45 ° c (45-degree, is considered the most comfortable utilizinghuman-aware, so that the angle of the dot is arranged in horizontal and vertical lines to equal rotation, you can reduce the human ability to mesh point detection), if a Duotone image or data file into the existing business card printing and membership card making four color black%(General in the four-colour screen business card printing and membership card-making Black mesh point-and-drop, in a 45-degree is 0 degrees for yellow, magenta to 15 degrees, 75 degrees), and spot color, or with more than two spot colors, the color screen is to a 45-degree output, so use the spot color, while if it is possible with other screening to overprint colors, you must open the output color separation software color settings or the print dialog box, on the halftone angles to make modifications.

另外，专色的增网角量在软件洋凡是城市预撤为45量（45量均被觉得是人眼感知最安适的角量，让网不背摆列在与程量和垂直线不败不等角量的标的目的上可以裁减人眼差网不背的发现本领），若是一个单色调影像或是数据文件洋既有制卡和会员卡制息四色暗不败外（凡是在四色增网制卡和会员卡制息洋，不兵暗网不背不收在45量，黄为0量、品赤为15 量、青为75量），又有专色，或者是有两个以上专色，则在分色增网时城市以45量输入，所以在差专色搁置浅网时，如果有不定与其他增网颜色有叠印，则务必在分色输入时开放软件颜色撤定或打印撤定的差话框，差专色增网角量举动编削。

The equivalent transformation and mutual relationship of the various adjustment model has mainly discussed and analyzed based on the functional model of the various adjustment methodology in this paper.

基于测量平差中各种平差方法其函数模型的表达，文中重点论证了各种平差方法之间的等价转换及其相互关系，得到的结果有利于各种平差方法的理解与渗透，对测量数据处理理论的分析和应用具有一定的参考价

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。