差

First, we discuss several theories of risk measures respectively such as theories ofcoherent measures of risk, spectral measures of risk and distortion measures of risk.Within the framework of these theories, we discuss and compare standard deviation,mean absolute deviation, lower partial moment, Ginis difference, VaR, CVaR and soon. We conclude that CVaR is superior to other measures with respect to theoreticalproperties.

首先，本文分别讨论了一致风险测度理论、谱风险测度理论、失真风险测度理论和随机占优一致风险测度理论等风险度量评价理论，在这些理论框架内讨论和比较了标准差、平均绝对离差、下偏位矩、基尼均差、VaR以及CVaR等风险度量。

The optimal control law obtained consists of linear analytic functions and a compensation term which is a series sum of the adjoint vectors. The analytic functions can be found by solving a Riccati matrix difference equation and a matrix difference equation. The compensation term can be obtained by a recursion formula that solves adjoint vector equations.

得到的最优输出跟踪控制律由状态向量的线性解析函数和伴随向量级数形式的补偿项组成，其解析函数由一次性求解Riccati矩阵差分方程和矩阵差分方程得到，补偿项由求解伴随向量差分方程的递推公式得到。

Bellows Gate Valves However, in large differential pressure operating conditions, evaporation pressure has eased, the evaporator load requirements of the fluid volume decreased, but the actual situation the contrary, in the suction superheat unchanged, due to evaporation pressure has eased, the evaporator outlet pressure be reduced accordingly, pressure changes above and below the diaphragm, causing the main valve opening increases for increased fluid; but in a small pressure operating conditions, evaporation pressure rise, evaporator load demand for fluid volume increased, but the reality is that in the suction gas superheat unchanged, due to evaporation pressure rise, a corresponding increase in the evaporator outlet pressure, pressure difference above and below the diaphragm smaller, so that the main valve opening decreased for the reduction of liquid volume; in variable load is all about.

但在大压差工况下，蒸发压力降低，蒸发器负荷需求的液量减少，但实际情况相反，在吸气过热度不变的情况下，由于蒸发压力降低，蒸发器出口压力相应降低，膜片上下的压差变大，使主阀开度增大，供液量增加；但在小压差工况下，蒸发压力上升，蒸发器负荷需求的液量增多，但实际情况是在吸气过热度不变的情况下，由于蒸发压力上升，蒸发器出口压力相应提高，膜片上下的压差变小，使主阀开度减小，供液量减少；在变负荷下亦如此。

However, in large differential pressure operating conditions, evaporation pressure has eased, the evaporator load requirements of the fluid volume decreased, but the actual situation the contrary, in the suction superheat unchanged, due to evaporation pressure has eased, the evaporator outlet pressure be reduced accordingly, pressure changes above and below the diaphragm, causing the main valve opening increases for increased fluid; but in a small pressure operating conditions, evaporation pressure rise, evaporator load demand for fluid volume increased, but the reality is that in the suction gas superheat unchanged, due to evaporation pressure rise, a corresponding increase in the evaporator outlet pressure, pressure difference above and below the diaphragm smaller, so that the main valve opening decreased for the reduction of liquid volume; in variable load is all about.

但在大压差工况下，蒸发压力降低，蒸发器负荷需求的液量减少，但实际情况相反，在吸气过热度不变的情况下，由于蒸发压力降低，蒸发器出口压力相应降低，膜片上下的压差变大，使主阀开度增大，供液量增加；但在小压差工况下，蒸发压力上升，蒸发器负荷需求的液量增多，但实际情况是在吸气过热度不变的情况下，由于蒸发压力上升，蒸发器出口压力相应提高，膜片上下的压差变小，使主阀开度减小，供液量减少；在变负荷下亦如此。因此热力膨胀阀在变工况下供液量的调节方面需进一步改进。

The simulation is based on four methods, including the discrete ordinates method with donor-cell interpolation, the DOM with van Leer interpolation, the modified DOM with donor-cell interpolation and the modified DOM with van Leer interpolation. The computational results are compared with those obtained by the Monte Carlo method.

本模拟采用四种方法，包括以donor-cell内差的离散方向法，以van Leer内差的离散方向法，以donor-cell内差的修正的离散方向法，以van Leer内差的修正的离散方向法，其计算结果将与蒙地卡罗法所得到的结果作比较。

The functions of the differential current sensor with magnetic modulation are analyzed when applied to the high voltage cabinet of A type metro vehicle .

分析了磁调制式差动电流传感器在A型地铁车辆高压柜电路中的功能，阐述了高导磁环形镍铁合金铁心线圈构成的差动电流传感器的电路原理，并简要介绍了该差动电流传感器的外形结构和材料特点，列出了传感器的主要技术参数，运用证明该差动电流传感器工作性能可靠、稳定。

Hereby,the research tries to construct a macro frame of agriculture insurance development by the planning of law status ,organization system,governmentail subsidy manner,reinsurance system and disaster risk fund;hereon,a regional diversity strategy on the development of Chinese agriculture insurance is put forward after the regional diversity design for supervision mode,management dealing,insurance policy and other aspects. It probes into the sity-four-dollar question—the diversity of regional subsidy standard,mainly from the rate division of agriculture insurance and regional difference amont farmer's payment ability. Finally,the objective mode is established for developing political agriculture insurance at different regions.

据此，本研究探讨设计了中国农业保险的法律地位、组织体系、政策补贴方式、再保险制度和巨灾风险基金制度，并尝试构建了农业保险发展的宏观框架；在此基础上，提出了中国农业保险发展的区域差异化策略，分别从监管模式、经营行为、保险政策等方面进行了区域差异化设计，并重点从农民支付能力的区域差距和农业保险费率分区两个方面，探讨了区域农业保险差异化发展的关键问题——区域补贴标准的差异化，进而探索设计了各区域政策性农业保险发展的目标模式。

Differential pressure control point of control: heating pipe network because of distance, signal transmission is not easy to achieve, or achieve a higher cost, the use of calculated values converted to the main circulating pump import and export; or in the pressure control point for backwater install pressure gauge, pressure gauge reference value to adjust the import and export of the main circulating pump pressure.

压差控制点处压差的控制：由于供热管网距离较远，信号传输不易实现或实现成本较高，采用计算值折算到主循环泵进出口；或在压差控制点供回水管安装压力表，参考压力表数值调整主循环泵进出口的压差。

For the quality of ferroalloy, a series of ferroalloys have been researched by differential thermal analysis and thermal gravimetric analysis .

利用差热技术对不同的铁合金产品进行差热分析，结果表明，不同的铁合金产品具有不同的差热曲线，而且对于同种铁合金，易粉化的与不粉化的铁合金产品的差热曲线也不相同，这就为铁合金的质量评价提供了一种新方法。

Firstly, edge extracting is conducted with a laplace operator for a k frame image of fk and a k-1 frame image of fk-1 collected by a camera; secondly, difference calculus is conducted for images of two frames whose edge is extracted, and a difference image of D is obtained; thirdly, average filtering and binary processing is conducted for the difference image of D, fourthly, the image which is processed of binary is judged, i.e. when the difference of a pixel in the difference image is more than the set threshold value, the pixel is confirmed as a target pixel; otherwise, the pixel is a static background pixel.

首先对摄像头采集的第k帧图像f k和第k-1帧图像f k-1分别采用laplace算子进行边缘提取，然后对经过边缘提取的两帧图像进行差分运算，得到差分图像D，然后对差分图像D进行均值滤波和二值化处理，最后对二值化后的图象进行判断，即认为当差分图像中某一个像素的差大于设定的阈值时，则认为该像素是目标像素，反之则认为是静止不动的背景像素。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。