工程设计

The basic approach of protecting people from being hurt or killed in an accident is to improve crashworthiness of vehicles. This paper starts with discussing theories and methods for vehicle passive safety design, which included experiential methods, analytic methods, multi-body dynamics methods, crash test methods and the finite element method. Emphasis will be paid to the basic FEM theories and algorithms of impact problems. Topics discussed include the governing equation, element discretization, hourglass control, time integration, material model, shell element algorithms and contact-impact algorithms. For more reliable simulation results, this paper then conducts study on how to accurately get material model parameters by combining the FEM method with experimental method, and develops relevant material test machine and parameter calculating software. Based on that, basic typical impact simulation and test validation study are conducted. On the basis of the above work, the paper studies the thin-shell structures'crashworthiness, which was affected by the following factors: spot-weld features, shell thickness, cross-section and pre-deformation. As to vehicle parts'crashworthiness, the paper conducts simulation study of designing energy-absorbing steering system and adaptive airbag system. A practical energy-absorbing steering wheel is designed as an example. In further depth research, the paper suggests several inverse quantificational methods for vehicle crashworthiness design based on the ideal crash characteristics. The above theories and methods are applied with good results through several practical vehicles' crashworthiness design and improvement.

文中对汽车碰撞安全性的设计理论和方法进行了归类和总结，其中包括经验法、解析法、多刚体动力学法、试验法以及有限元方法等；重点介绍了碰撞有限元法的基本理论和有关算法，涉及到有限元求解控制方程、单元离散、沙漏模态控制、时间积分、材料模型和应力修正、薄壳单元算法以及接触碰撞界面算法等，探讨了有限元计算中的材料模型参数获取技术，开发了相应的材料试验装置及材料模型参数反求软件，在此基础上进行了基本的碰撞仿真算例和试验对比研究；文中通过应用有限元方法研究了薄壁构件的碰撞吸能特性，指出了设计薄壁吸能构件时需要考虑的几个主要影响因素，即焊点、壁厚、横截面和预变形等；在关于车辆部件的碰撞安全性能设计中进行了吸能转向机构和自适应安全气囊的仿真研究，提出了吸能转向机构和自适应安全气囊的仿真研究方法；文中最后探讨了整车碰撞性能的设计与改进方法，提出了以理想碰撞特性为目标，采用分段加速度或者根据碰撞时间进行设计的反推设计法、部件吸能仿真优化设计法等量化设计方法，并通过综合应用文中所讨论的相关技术进行了整车碰撞性能的设计与改进实例研究，所选定的车型是大众化的普通轿车和碰撞安全性基础较差的微型面包车，研究结果表明，本文所提出的设计与改进方法是适用而有效的，具有重要的工程实用意义和价值。

In the designs of time, emotion has very important functions. Along with the development of computer, network, digital and electronic technologies in 1990s, non-substance designing has became a leading trend. Computer has replaced paper and pencil to become the main instrument, also the software has turned into a part of design. More important thing is the designs of physical products commence to hanker for lyric-value, advocate the designs that can arouse poetic responses and focus on the non-substance services, technique and audio-visual feeling. Design subject has already speared the evaluative trend from applied material engineering, technical science and functions of products and other physical modality and value to intangibleness such as services, technique, culture, emotion, poetry and so on.

情感在当代设计中有极其重要的作用，90年代，随着电脑等电子技术和数码、网络技术的发展，非物质设计成为设计的一个主导倾向，不仅设计的工具从手绘工具变为电脑，软件成为设计的一部分，重要的是物质产品的设计也开始追求所谓的抒情价值，提倡"能引起诗意反应的物品"的设计，注意非物质的服务、方式、视听感受等方面的设计，设计学科已出现从实用的材料工程科学、技术科学、产品功能等的物质形态和价值转向服务、方式、文化、情感、诗化等无形的非物质方面的趋向。

This project will study the benefit assessment on the ecology engineering of the greenway of highway interchange, at the design、construction and as-built stages. In this case, the ecology engineering of the greenway of highway interchange, including eco-pond and eco-island to substitute the green space, ecological corridor to reduce the habitat fracture, overfall to increase the Oxygen Saturation of the eco-pond, and the relative way to compatible the original environment. Furthermore, the case study on the problems during and after the construction provide some example for the same case in the future to reduce the impact to the original ecology environment.

本论文藉由交流道绿带区域采用之生态工程来探讨交流道绿带区域从规划、施工阶段到完成后所造就工程效益，如交流道绿带区域规划以生态池与生态岛取代绿地营造湿地环境、生物廊道降低栖地破碎化、跌水区增加生态池水中含氧量及相关近自然设计手法促使与周遭生态景观结合予以评估工程造就之效益，并藉由施工过程与完工后浮现之问题作为日后类似工程规划之范例，有助於减少对於既有生态环境之冲击。

Some key part is ameliorated to meet the demands of working. This thesis mainly includes:(1) Analysing the working principle of the spring operateing mechanism, expatiating the character of the mechanism;(2) With the design aim of the spring operating mechanism, accomplishing the design of ZW□-12/630-20 outdoor HV vacuum breaker based on the systemic design theory of the spring operating mechanism, which includes spring mechanism of open-close switch; cam mechanism based on the principle of power balance; buckle-off mechanism with force-minished device; ratchet wheel mechanism with number-increased detent;(3) In the design on the spring operating mechanism for the outdoor vacuum breaker, using the air cushion device with speed controller to ensure the steady working of the spring operating mechanism;(4) Accoding the problem of daily maintenance for HV circuitbreaker, giving some effective steps of daily maintenance.

论文工作主要包括以下几个方面：(1)从真空断路器弹簧操动机构的功能原理出发，详细分析了该机构的工作原理，阐述了机构工作的基本特性；(2)根据工程实际提出了真空断路器弹簧操动机构的设计目标，在系统分析弹簧操动机构设计理论的基础上，完成了ZW□-12/630-20型户外真空断路器弹簧操动机构的设计工作，其中包括真空断路器弹簧操动机构的分合闸弹簧机构的设计；以输出力特性曲线设计机构理论演化出的功率平衡原则为基础的凸轮机构的设计；带有减力机构的滚动摩擦扣结方式的脱扣机构设计；根据实际情况增加了棘爪数量的棘轮机构设计；(3)在真空断路器弹簧操动机构的设计中，引入了速度控制模式空气缓冲器，对惯性负载起到了良好的自动缓冲效果，从而保证了真空断路器弹簧操动机构稳定、有效地运行，保证了真空断路器的动作质量；(4)针对目前真空断路器运行过程中存在的问题，提出了有效的日常维护措施。

Finally, with all the related effective means, combined with the projcet example of Bilin Building project in QTC, it analyzes, controls and improves each link from reconnaisance and design to the construction process, completion approval and safe production. According to the actual project situation, a quality guarantee organization is formed and feasible preventive measure and countermeasure are formulated. By studying the relative factors (employee, material, machine, law, link) to manage and control the project quality, we ensure the economic and social benefit of the project investment and the realization of all indexes.

最后，结合青岛职业技术学院国际学院比邻楼工程具体实例从勘察设计、施工过程到交工验收以及安全文明生产的各个环节，运用全面质(来源：Ad2Bb3b3C论文网www.abclunwen.com)量管理和质量控制的各种有效方法加以分析、控制和改进；针对工程项目实际情况构建了质量保证组织，制定了详细的质量预防措施和对策，通过对建筑工程项目各个组成因素的研究来管理和控制建筑施工项目的质量，取得了良好的成效，极大限度地提高了该项目投资的经济效益和社会效益，保证了项目各项指标的实现，验证了全员、全过程、全项目的质量管理模式对工程质量控制所起到的良好效果。

In the research of techniques in curved surface reconstruction and feature extraction, the modeling of NURBS interplation curved surface based on rectangular is focused, in which centripetal parameter is applied to construct node vector, the application of interplation method guarantees the accuracy of curved surface construction, bicubic NURBS curved surface is taken as an example to demonstrate the process of curved surface modeling, and the effectiveness of NURBS is approved in application; Meanwhile, the application of feature techniques in reverse engineering is also diSCUSSed, the recognition and extraction method of feature curved surface are investigated, the relationship between feature recognition and the curvature of curved surface is discussed, with the application of linear and non-linear least squares procedure, data fitting of conicoid in ball surface, cylinder surface and cone surface is

以上述的研究工作为基础，根据企业的实际需求选定轻客和重卡作为研究对象完成了基于反求工程的车身改型设计和优化的工程实践，通过工程实践对反求工程各关键支撑技术进行了验证，所开发的新车型也获得了良好的市场反应。

Shandong Jingbang Industries Limited Liability Company, established in May 2003 with a registered capital of 6 million yuan, administered Jingbang Steel Co., Ltd., Shandong Province and Shandong Province Jingbang Building Materials Co., Ltd., is a concentrated, large steel structure works Design, production, installation of steel structures for the integration of professional engineering company; company annual production and sales of steel structures and other insulation works centrifugal glass wool carpets, stable quality and reasonable price, by province and the surrounding Provincial and municipal customers praise.

山东靖邦实业有限责任公司，成立与2003年5月，注册资金600万人民币，下辖山东省靖邦钢结构有限公司和山东省靖邦建材有限公司，是一家集中型、大型钢结构工程的设计、制作、安装为一体的专业钢结构工程公司；公司常年生产、销售钢结构工程及其它保温隔热工程所需的离心玻璃棉毡，质量稳定，价格合理，深受本省及周边省市客户好评。

Brand design, VI design, logo design, packaging design, poster design, designéProduct photography, beautiful pictures, color page design, product specification, label design and printing various types of video ads, documentary photography, business cards, calendars, handbag design, advertising gift store design 3D effects, the contractor advertisement promotions ceremony Yee Hing, the exhibition design of the Exhibition Hall, a professional e-commerce platform, website construction, network design, network engineering, domain name registration group offices, network promotion, virtual host domestic and foreign trademark registration

品牌设计、VI设计、标志设计、包装设计、海报设计、楼书设计产品摄影、精美画册、彩页设计、产品说明书、吊牌的设计及各类印刷影视广告、专题片拍摄、名片、挂历、手提袋设计、广告礼品专卖店3D效果图设计、承办广告促销活动、庆典礼议、展览展示厅设计专业的电子商务平台、网站建设、网络设计、网络工程、域名注册集团邮局、网络推广、虚拟主机、国内外商标注册

Adopt pair of blueprint paper and budgetary estimate to have review a case in which a death sentence has been passed by a lower court, do well visa of spot of invite public bidding of engineering construction team, control and project allocate funds wait for measure to reduce project cost, manage through strict quality, undertake reforming innovating, raise the method such as service quality to improve project quality.

大庆油田设计院通过总承包全长为8.352km的北二一四路公路建设工程，对这一新模式进行实践探索。采取对设计图纸和概算进行复核、搞好工程施工队伍招标、控制现场签证和工程拨款等措施来降低工程成本，通过严格质量治理、进行改革创新、提高服务质量等手段来提高工程质量。

The groundwork of this text is as follows:In understanding the graphic presentation characteristic of the construction drawing of the building, foundation of content. At building the semantemes of construction drawing, building construction drawings understanding tactics and content gone on detailed analysis understanding. Have laid a good foundation for the following understanding of the construction drawing; According to the expression characteristic of the construction drawing, utilize the technology of OOP, Adopt C ++ language and draw the level models of fire control feature; It carries on deep analysis to DXF file format give and a method of read DXF file. On the basis of reading DXF file and familiar with understanding to the form of DXF file, study to the pattern recognition methods of fire control facility.

本文的主要工作如下：在了解建筑工程图的图示特点、内容的基础上，对建筑工程图的语义、理解策略、建筑消防审查等内容进行了详细的分析，为后面的工程图的理解打下了良好的基础；根据工程图的表达特点，利用面向对象的程序设计方法，采用C++语言，得出了消防特征类的层次模型；对DXF文件格式进行深入的分析，并给出了读取DXF文件的方法；在读取DXF文件和对DXF文件的格式熟悉了解的基础上，对消防设施的图形识别方法进行了研究，提出了实效的图形识别的方法。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。