工会主义

Marxism was attractive to Gompers during his early years working in the factory and being involved in local union activities. However, under the instruction of Karl Ferdinand Laurrell and his own observation in the Tompkins Square riot of 1874, he rejected socialist radicalism as the philosophical orientation while he led the American Federation of Labor for 37 years.

尽管Gompers深受马克思主义薰陶，但是由於Karl Ferdinand Laurrell的思想导引以及早年参加工运的经验，他排拒社会主义的激进改革路线，选择了务实哲学领导工会运动，与美国资本主义经济的发展并肩而行，形塑出美国工会运动的独特性。

For every rational businessperson reassured by the fact that Mr Obama has appointed economically literate free traders, there will be a union leader moaning that a bunch of Clintonian retreads will never deliver the change America needs.

一批懂经济又崇尚自由贸易的人向每个理性商人提供了保证，而也会有工会领袖叹息一群克林顿主义的人改头换面根本无法实现美国需要的改变。

It is also a critique of the entire intellectual apparatus that accompanies the socialist idea, including the implicit religious doctrines behind Western socialist thinking, a cultural critique of socialist teaching on *** and marriage, an refutation of syndicalism and corporatism, an examination of the implications of radical human inequality, an attack on war socialism, and refutation of collectivist methodology.

它也是对陪伴随社会主义思想的整个思想武库的批判，包括对西方社会主义思想背后暗含的宗教教义的批判，对社会主义教导的性观念和婚姻观念的文化批判，对工会运动主义和社会统合主义的驳斥，对暗示人类极其不平等的审问，对为社会主义而战的攻击，以及对集体主义方法论的驳斥。

It is also a critique of the entire intellectual apparatus that accompanies the socialist idea, including the implicit religious doctrines behind Western socialist thinking, a cultural critique of socialist teaching on sex and marriage, an refutation of syndicalism and corporatism, an examination of the implications of radical human inequality, an attack on war socialism, and refutation of collectivist methodology.

它也是对陪伴随社会主义思想的整个思想武库的批判，包括对西方社会主义思想背后暗含的宗教教义的批判，对社会主义教导的性观念和婚姻观念的文化批判，对工会运动主义和社会统合主义的驳斥，对暗示人类极其不平等的审问，对为社会主义而战的攻击，以及对集体主义方法论的驳斥。

The anarchist-communists were afraid that the anarchist-syndicalists would dissolve themselves into the union movement ("syndicalism"); the anarchist-syndicalists were afraid that the communists would downplay the central power and importance of the organized workers.

无政府主义的共产主义者担心：无政府主义的工团主义自身会化入到工会运动中去；无政府主义的工团主义者则担心：共产主义者会贬低有组织的工人的主导力量和重要性。

Those who are directly or indirectly involved in the IS are generally referred to as users, designers, managers, system maintainers, representatives of labor unions, etc. Organizations involved can be internal organizations or departments, as well as external control bodies. In this research, we focused on ISM at universities. The stakeholders involved in such university systems were previously identified as the actors of ISM according to Zachman's specification (See chapter 4 paragraph 4.3). We distinguished Managers, Designers/Builders, Users and Maintainers.

直接或者间接介入IS那些通常被归之为用户，设计者，经理，系统维持者，工会联合的代表，等等组织介入能是以及外部高级控制手段躯体内部组织或者部门在这研究中我们被在大学聚焦对准ISM牵扯到这样大学系统赌金保管人是被从前当根据Zachman's规格说明主义的演员看见第4章给4.3分段时，辨认出我们辨认经理，设计者//建造者，用户和维持者。

However, the labor-developing history backgrounds in United Kingdom and Germany are completely different. Because of the more widespread tradition of voluntarism, the workplace-based confrontation and uncompulsory arbitrations brought the British industrial relations to be criticized. Since the end of World War Ⅱ, social-economic Germany established the institutions of Co-determination and Collective Bargaining. There are agreements of voluntary negotiations between the social partners and are not determined by legal enactments or any other form of state interference. On the other hand, the organized work councils in workplaces represent the interests of employees and prove able to promote a high degree of social integration.

然而，英国与德国劳资互动的发展历史背景是截然不同的，英国长久以来以自愿主义为首的行事风格、以工作场所做为首要的抗争重地和独特的政府非威权式的处理劳资争议为其劳资关系中的三个特点，另一方面战后德国建立起「共同决定」与「团体自主权」的制度，工会与雇主团体於工资等条件展开自发性的谈判，而另一方面劳工也可以参与公司的营运与工作，这个制度对於劳资之间的对话、沟通及维护社会稳定起了很大的作用，德国得以在二次战后迅速发展成为欧洲重工业大国，并发展社会市场经济。

With the help of the theoretical resources of the theory of "consumer society" and the distinction between "the true needs"/"false needs", this paper tries to show that Marx's discussion of the civilizing tendencies of the capital and the limits latent within them inspires us to see that the civilizing tendencies revitalized in the form of consumer society are perhaps actually new forms of "barbarizing tendencies" of the capital, and only through combining itself with socialism can market economy overcome the tendency of its self-destruction.

二十世纪前期以来，消费主义文化，连同确定公民最低消费水平和增加政府公共开支的福利国家，参与有关工资的集体谈判或集体博弈的行业工会，帮助人们用明天甚至后天的钱来兑现当下的消费欲望的信用手段等等新制度新工具，被资本用来相当成功地克服其曾经被认为无法克服的生产过剩这个内在限制。但如果我们考虑到&需要&有真假之分这个问题的话，马克思关于资本&文明化趋势&及其内在限制的论述则提示我们，以消费社会形式重新获得活力的资本的&文明化&趋势，有可能隐藏着一种新形式的&野蛮化&趋势；市场经济或许只有与社会主义相结合，才不至于最终走向自我毁灭。关键词：资本，文明化趋势，限制，消费社会

Also, the women's movement has succeeded in legitimizing the economic and political activism of women on their own behalf, thereby producing a more positive attitude toward unions.

同时，妇女运动在代表妇女经济和政治行动主义合法化方面取得了成功，进而对工会产生更正面的观点。

This essay explores the impact of Samuel Gompers's pragmatic pursuit on the United States union movement.

本文探讨Samuel Gompers的务实主义对美国工会运动的影响。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。