工件

The method of convex quadratic programming relaxation has been used for the scheduling with rejection .

用凸二次规划松弛方法研究工件具有就绪时间，目标函数为工件总拒绝费用与接受工件的带权总完工时间之和的工件可拒绝排序问题，得到界为2的多项式时间近似算法。

Every job has at most one direct predecessor and at most one direct successor is discussed.

J_jJ_k，意思是工件J_i是工件J_j的唯一的前驱而工件J_k是工件J_j的唯一的后继，换句话说，工件J_j必须在工件J_i之后工件J_k之前加工。

Because the workpiece is in dynamic balance, the resultant moment acting on it should be zero. Introducing the moment from lapping tool and press head a moving differential equation is built. In this equation only workpiece rotating speed is unknown. It means that workpiece rotating speed can be got by this equation. Since there is a transcendental function in integral function of the equation an analytic result can not be got, only digital result can be got by a computer. Thus a change rule of workpiece rotating speed with lapping parameters is known, e.g. the radius of press disc ball socket, radius of press head ball, the distance between the workpiece rotating axis and lapping tool rotating axis, workpiece radius, modulus of elasticity of the press head and press disc, friction coefficients between the lapping tool and workpiece, and between the head and disc, pressure between the lapping tool and workpiece and pressure between the press head and press disc.

因工件处于动态平衡状态，其上所受到的来自于磨具和压头的力矩应相等，将二力矩表达式联立，建立工件运动微分方程，该方程中只有工件的旋转角速度是未知量，因此可以求出工件旋转角速度，但该方程积分式中含有超越函数，得不出解析解，只能通过计算机求出数值解，得出工件旋转角速度随各研磨参数的变化规律，如压盖球座半径、压头的球头半径、工件回转中心相对磨具回转中心的偏心距、工件半径、压头和压盖材料的弹性模量、磨具与工件间的摩擦系数、压头压盖间的摩擦系数、磨具与工件间的压强、压头压盖间的压力等。

By constructing a job-schedule network that can present job-time relationship,the FJSP is transformed to a network flow problem,and a 0-1 integer programming mathematical model is developed.

针对一般形式的固定工件排序问题(即可用机器数是有限的，存在机器与工件间匹配约束，以机器分配成本最小为优化目标)，作者通过建立描述工件间时序关系的工件时序网络，将固定工件的排序问题转化为沿工件时序网络的网络流问题，并建立了0-1整数规划数学模型。

On the basis of previously research, this paper re-probe into the mechanism of electro-chemist mechanical manufacturing process, making the rational technological parameter, and developing the manufacturing equipment. Through a lot of technology tests, get a lot of labratory data, accordingly, researched the surface feature of the electro-chemist manufacturing process, and deeply discussed its influence on the work piece feature. The last result is that: the electro-chemist mechanical manufacturing process can reduce the low-frequency component significantly, but on high-frequency component, it has little influence, having obviously positive pole flat effect. After manufacture, the tip parts on the surface of the work piece is cut off, there is micro "high land" shape, the parameter for surface roughness is reduced a lot, the surface outline of the work piece is negative, the bearing length rate is cliffy. Also the surface quality of the work piece is improved. This can help to avoid changing the shape, improve the feature of rub, gear and reduce the time to suit. This would also ensure the precision and result in a longer work piece life.

在以前研究的基础上，本论文重新探讨了电化学机械复合光整加工工艺的机理，确定了较合理的工艺参数，对电化学机械复合光整加工设备进行了改进，通过工艺实验广泛地搜集了大量实验数据，依据实验数据，多角度地研究了电化学机械复合光整加工的表面形貌特点，并且从理论上深入讨论了电化学机械复合光整加工表面形貌对工件工作性能的影响，最后得出的结论为：电化学机械复合光整加工对工件原始表面的低频成分有较大程度的降低，而对高频成分影响较小，有明显的阳极整平作用，被加工工件表面的尖峰状凸起被去除，工件表面呈现出微观&高原型&，表面轮廓不平度高度特性参数大幅度降低，工件表面轮廓分布集中，且呈负偏态，轮廓偏斜度为负值，轮廓支承长度率曲线陡峭，工件的表面质量得到综合改善，这对提高零件的抗接触变形能力、改善摩擦、磨损性能、降低工件的磨合时间、提高工件的精度保持性、延长工件的寿命均有利。

This research deals with analysis and development of slipless adjustable pliers. According to the related references of this research, most adjustable pliers will change the distance between the handle of the pliers while the pliers champs different size of workpiece.

中文摘要本研究系无滑差自动调整钳之研发，根据所搜集之相关文献回顾，发现大部分调整钳夹持不同直径之工件时，通常握把之距离亦会随之改变，且当夹持工件时，往往颚夹部与工件会产生相对滑差之现象，常造成工件刮伤。

Along with operations of the turning, sharpping, drilling, milling and grinding, some new methods, technologies and processings such as overlap workpieces, improved cutting tool formes, workpiece charmfer, adjustment of cutting parameters and others to restrain and decrease burrs in size are developed, which have noticeable theoretical significance and wide practical value in the precision cutting, FMS and automatic machining.

结合车削、刨削、钻削、铣削和磨削等加工，开发出了斜置工件法，双主偏角刀具切削法、切削用量选择法、刀具几何参数调整法、工件叠加切削法、工件终端部材料脆化法、工件终端部倒角法、挡板切削法、刀具结构改进法和切削方式选择法等十数种抑制或减小切削毛刺的技术、工艺和方法，在精密加工、柔性制造系统和其它自动化加工中有较大的实际应用价值。

According to the wire electrode on the trajectory of the different forms of control, WEDM can be divided into three types:* is a copy-control, cutting their lines in advance to create the shape of the workpiece and the same mode *, When the rough machining parts and die at the same time * Clamping in the machine tool table, in the process of cutting wire electrode tightly * close to the edge of model for mobile track, thus cutting out the model * with the same shape and precision to work; another One is the optical tracking control, the cutting in line before the first parts in accordance with drawings by a certain ratio of enlarge depicts an electro-optical tracking maps, drawings will be processed when the machine electro-optical tracking placed on the stage, followed on the stage The first photo has to follow the ink line graphics track movement, and then through the use of electrical, mechanical linkage to control the machine tool table work together with the relative electrode wire Xiang Sixing do sports in order to cut out the pattern and shape of the workpiece to the same; a re - Is a digital process control, advanced digital automatic control technology, machine-driven process in accordance with the geometry of the workpiece before the parameters of good pre-processing CNC automatic completion of the processing, production do not look like without drawing board also plans to enlarge, in front of more than two Control in the form of higher precision processing and broad scope of application, at home and abroad for more than 95% of WEDM have been using digital technology.

根据对电极丝运动轨迹的控制形式不同，电火花线切割机床又可分为三种：一种是*模仿形控制，其在进行线切割加工前，预先制造出与工件形状相同的*模，加工时把工件毛坯和*模同时装夹在机床工作台上，在切割过程中电极丝紧紧地贴着*模边缘作轨迹移动，从而切割出与*模形状和精度相同的工件来；另一种是光电跟踪控制，其在进行线切割加工前，先根据零件图样按一定放大比例描绘出一张光电跟踪图，加工时将图样置于机床的光电跟踪台上，跟踪台上的光电头始终追随墨线图形的轨迹运动，再借助于电气、机械的联动，控制机床工作台连同工件相对电极丝做相似形的运动，从而切割出与图样形状相同的工件来；再一种是数字程序控制，采用先进的数字化自动控制技术，驱动机床按照加工前根据工件几何形状参数预先编制好的数控加工程序自动完成加工，不需要制作模样板也无需绘制放大图，比前面两种控制形式具有更高的加工精度和广阔的应用范围，目前国内外95％以上的电火花线切割机床都已采用数控化。

The open-shop schedule problem can be stated as follows: There are n independent jobs and different machines. There is no restriction on the order in which the operations of a job are to be performed.

自由作业排序问题可以简单的做如下描述：假定有n个独立工件和台不同的机器，工件必须经过所有的机器加工处理，而且工件经过机器的顺序以及机器加工工件的顺序都没有特定的要求。

Wire electrode based on the trajectory of the different forms of control, WEDM can be divided into three types: one is shaped by the imitation controlled cutting in line in advance and work to create the same shape by mold, when processing the workpiece at the same time rough and on the mold clamping in the machine tool table, in the process of cutting wire electrode tightly against the mold on the edge of the track for the mobile, thus cutting out and die on the same shape and precision to the workpiece; another One is the electro-optical tracking control, to carry out the cutting line, before the basis of certain parts to enlarge the proportion of drawings depicts an electro-optical tracking map-processing machines will be placed in design stage of electro-optical tracking, tracking platform Photoelectric first line of graphics has always been to follow the track of the Mexican campaign, and then through the use of electrical, mechanical linkage to control the machine tool table, together with the workpiece so相似形wire electrode relative movement, thus cutting out the same shape and design to the workpiece; again a digital control, the use of advanced automatic control of digital technology-driven machine tool in accordance with the pre-processing parameters according to the workpiece geometry pre-processing procedures for the preparation of a good CNC auto-complete processing, the production does not require appearance on board the need to map to enlarge map of the previous two form of control has a higher machining accuracy and a broad range of applications, both at home and abroad more than 95% have adopted WEDM NC.

根据对电极丝运动轨迹的控制形式不同，电火花线切割机床又可分为三种：一种是靠模仿形控制，其在进行线切割加工前，预先制造出与工件形状相同的靠模，加工时把工件毛坯和靠模同时装夹在机床工作台上，在切割过程中电极丝紧紧地贴着靠模边缘作轨迹移动，从而切割出与靠模形状和精度相同的工件来；另一种是光电跟踪控制，其在进行线切割加工前，先根据零件图样按一定放大比例描绘出一张光电跟踪图，加工时将图样置于机床的光电跟踪台上，跟踪台上的光电头始终追随墨线图形的轨迹运动，再借助于电气、机械的联动，控制机床工作台连同工件相对电极丝做相似形的运动，从而切割出与图样形状相同的工件来；再一种是数字程序控制，采用先进的数字化自动控制技术，驱动机床按照加工前根据工件几何形状参数预先编制好的数控加工程序自动完成加工，不需要制作靠模样板也无需绘制放大图，比前面两种控制形式具有更高的加工精度和广阔的应用范围，目前国内外95%以上的电火花线切割机床都已采用数控化。切割属电加工范畴，是由前苏联人发明的，我国是第一个用于工业生产的国家，当时由复但大学和苏州长风机械厂合作生产的这是最早的机型叫复旦型，我们国内在此基础上发展了快走丝系统。欧美和日本发展了慢走系统LS

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。