岩裂

According to the space distribution characters of tectonic-sequence-based lithofacies and paleogeography, it is showed that three types of hydrocarbon source-rock including carbonate rock, clay and coal in Permian mainly are developed in transgression and maximal sea flooding of two order sequences, and they deposite respectively on platforms with gentle slope in craton, in rift basins and around old lands.

构造-层序岩相古地理的空间展布特征表明，二级层序的海侵期和最大海泛期是二叠纪烃源岩发育的主要时期，分别在克拉通的缓坡台地上、裂陷槽盆和古陆周缘形成了碳酸盐岩、泥质岩和煤系三类烃源岩。

With the experiment system of microseism, microseismic characteristics of coal or rock during the process of expanding to demolish by soundless-demolish agent are studied.

运用建立的煤岩胀裂破坏微震观测实验系统，研究了煤岩试样在胀裂破坏过程中微震信号的特性规律。

This article that focuses on the systematic and in-depth research in the current primal problem about abnormal burst pressure reservoir depress burst pressure has procured following main fruits:1 It forms the method which could obtain massive vertical static state mechanics parameters.2 In a foundation of acquisition of rock mechanics parameters,apply bent lamella that as mechanical model along with characteristic of actual geologic characteristics to analysis curvature for anticlinal strcture, get homologous tectonic stress value throug relation between the curvature and stress and different principal curvature in anticlinal structure,consequently set up laminational stress model for anticline reservoir. The block lamination for existed fracturing date has formed method of setting up mechanical model of lamination terrestrial stress by abtaining the block tectonic stress coefficients which are got by complex utilization test, laboratory test and fracturing date playback.3 Analysesing the main reason which lead to high burst pressure by considering the characteristic of reservoir geology,reservoir,and rock mechanics and reservoir damage,etc.Establishing burst pressure quantitative prediction model which provide gist for depressing construction risk and optimizing construction craft under the condition of open hole completion ,gun-perforated completion and damaged reservoir.4 Provding theoretical basis for interpreting acidification pretreatment which could depress busrt pressure by finding the relation between the influencing factors and rock machanics parameters and analysing the factors that have effect on rock mechanics parameters. Expounding the mechanism of reaction of mixed monomineral and acid from the angle of microcosmic element, evaluating quantitatively acid sensilility of different kinds of mineral effectively, and determing the first-order reaction dynamical equation of each mineral.5 Revealing rock mechanics property chage as a result of acid flooding in different condition by sandstone traumata experiment in different temperatures which combined with rock mechanics triaxial stress experiment.6 Associating damage mechanics with sandstone acidizing, established sandstone damage mechanics model in the foundation of the recognition on the rock mechanics parametric variation which is caused by acid-rock reaction in both macroscopic view and microscopic view ,also demonstrated those processes and quantitative estimated the acid busrt pressure to direct the site operation.

本文针对目前异常破裂压力储层降低破裂压力的主要问题展开较为系统和深入的研究，取得了以下主要成果：1形成了利用测井资料，结合室内岩芯测试结果，获取静动岩石力学参数的相关性特征，从而获得纵向上大量静态力学参数的方法。2在获取了岩石力学参数的此基础上，利用弯曲薄板作为力学模型，结合区块实际地质特征对背斜构造进行曲率分析，通过曲率与应力的关系，利用背斜构造不同部位的主曲率求得相应的构造应力值，从而建立起背斜储层的分层应力模型；对已有压裂资料的区块分层，形成了综合利用测试、室内实验、压裂资料反演获得该区块构造应力系数，建立起分层地应力的力学模型的方法。3综合考虑储层地质、油藏、岩石力学特性和储层伤害等因素，分析造成高破裂压力的主要原因，综合利用岩石力学、弹性力学等知识，建立了裸眼完井、射孔完井条件下以及储层受到伤害后的储层破裂压力定量预测模型，为降低施工风险和优化施工工艺提供了依据。4完成了物性、岩性影响岩石力学参数的因素分析，找出了各影响因素和岩石力学参数之间的关系，为从机理上解释酸化预处理降低破裂压力提供了理论基础；从微观元素的角度阐述了单矿物与酸反应的机理；并在此基础上，有效评价了各种矿物的酸敏感性，定量确定了岩石中各矿物的一级反应动力学方程。5完成了不同温度下的酸液类型、酸液浓度、注酸量等一系列砂岩损伤实验，结合岩石力学三轴应力实验，系统揭示了在不同条件下注酸而引起的岩石力学性质变化。6将损伤力学与砂岩酸化相结合，在宏观、微观两个方面认识酸岩反应引起岩石力学参数变化基础上，建立了砂岩损伤力学模型，并对其进行验证，在此基础上定量计算酸化后的破裂压力，有效指导现场施工

The maximum run-out distance is 3200m. The three cases are studied from the Niuquangou rockslide-debris flow at the south west segment of the main seismic fault, the Chengxi rockslide at the middle segment of the main seismic fault and the Donghekou rockslide-debris flow at the north east segment of the main seismic fault.The three cases illustrates following common characteristics:(1)parent rockmass is broken under long geologic processing and weathered;(2) Rockmass was separately expanded and thrown under long-period strong ground vibration in which the vertical motion was predominant along the main seismic fault;(3)sliding mass was crashed at the exiting zone and transferred to fragment material;(4) The secondary landslide was triggered underneath the exiting zone due to the powerful crashing and shaving processes that provides more mass to debris body and cushion shape;(5) The a long run-out distance fragment flow is occurred under air layer lubrication. The air layer was pressed and turbulently flowed in the narrow-shaped valley, or laminarly flowed in the extensive flatland.

本文重点解剖了位于地震破裂带南西段的汶川映秀牛圈沟滑坡-碎屑流、位于地震破裂带中段的北川城西滑坡和位于地震破裂带北东段青川东河口滑坡-碎屑流3个典型实例，认为具有如下特征：1）岩性条件：母岩遭受长期构造动力作用，呈碎裂岩体，后期被强烈风化，岩体极为破碎；(2）抛掷效应：位于汶川地震主断裂带或附近，垂直加速度大于水平加速度，强地面运动持时长，岩体发生振胀和抛掷；3）碰撞效应：上部滑坡体发生高位剪出和高位撞击，致使岩体碎屑化；(4）铲刮效应：撞击作用导致下部山体被铲刮，形成次级滑坡，为碎屑流体提供了足够展翼和抛洒物源体积；5）气垫效应：碎屑化岩体快速抛掷导致下部沟谷空气迅速谷状圈闭和向下紊流，形成气垫效应，或者，在下部地形开阔地带压缩空气呈层流状态致使滑体凌空飞行。

Seismites can be subdivided into many types,such as seismic corrugated rock,shattered rock,seismic collapse rock,autoclastic breccias,intraclastic parabreccia,liquefied breccia and seismoturbidite rock.

研究区震积岩的岩石类型则主要包括震褶岩、震裂岩、震塌岩、自碎屑角砾岩、自碎屑副角砾岩、液化角砾岩及震浊积岩等。

Among them, large scale I -1 insidious ore body has been found in beresitized cataclastic rock belts, the proportion of gold resources is 39.39%, and great break through in ore probing has been gained as well.

其中，在主裂面下盘的黄铁绢英岩化碎裂岩带内发现了规模较大盲矿体I-1号矿体，其资源储量占总量的39.39%，取得了深部找矿的重大突破。

In this paper, the 3-D finite element relocating mesh method is used to calculate the temperature field and the thermal creep stress field of spillway dam and mid level outlet dam in certain roller compacted concrete gravity dam, sensitivity analysis have been down with different parameters, such as placing temperature, the location of cooling pipe, cooling temperature, time for water supply, ascended-layer of concrete, intermissive time and different placing time, and the commendatory construction scheme have been put forward in such analysis; according by the test result on the two scheme of concrete aggregate combination (basalt as coarse aggregate and limestone as fine aggregate, basalt as coarse aggregate and basalt as fine aggregate), simulation analysis on temperature field and thermal creep stress field of the commendatory construction scheme have been down, and analysis have also been down on temperature field and thermal stress field of the two different aggregate combination, the result indicates that the spillway dam and mid level outlet dam which adopted these two aggregate combination can both satisfy the require of design crack resistance in concrete, furthermore limestone as fine is better than basalt as fine aggregate; the effect of summer water storage and winter water storage on the temperature field and thermal stress field have been analyzed, comparing with winter water storage, in summer water storage scheme the maximum tensile stress at abnormal concrete in upstream fill is decreased by 0.1～0.3MPa and there are no evidence change of the maximum tensile stress at other parts, which indicate that summer water storage is avail for the crack resistance of upstream fill; according to the simulation calculating result and comparing temperature simulation calculating results and temperature controlling measures of some similarity projects both completed and construction, synthesis appraise have been carried to the design temperature controlling measures of dam, and the temperature controlling measures of this project have been brought forward, all these have great reference value on the design of temperature controlling measures and the optimization of the construction scheme.

本文采用三维有限元浮动网格法仿真计算程序，对某碾压混凝土重力坝的溢流坝段和中孔坝段分别进行了三维有限元温度场和温度徐变应力仿真计算分析，对浇筑温度、冷却水管的布置方式、冷却水温、通水时间、浇筑升程和间歇时间、不同开始浇筑日期等参数进行了敏感性分析，在此基础上提出了推荐的施工方案；根据两种骨料方案(玄武岩粗骨料+灰岩细骨料方案；玄武岩粗骨料+玄武岩细骨料方案)的混凝土性能试验研究成果，对推荐的施工方案进行了温度场和温度徐变应力仿真计算，并对比分析了两种不同骨料情况下的温度场和温度应力，结果表明溢流坝段及中孔坝段采用上述两种骨料均能满足混凝土的抗裂设计要求，且灰岩细骨料优于玄武岩细骨料；计算分析了夏季蓄水和冬季蓄水对坝体温度场和温度应力的影响，夏季蓄水方案与冬季蓄水方案相比，坝体上游变态混凝土区域最大拉应力小0.1～0.3MPa，其他部位最大拉应力无明显变化，夏季蓄水对坝体上游面混凝土的抗裂有利；根据仿真计算成果并通过比较国内一些已建和在建的类似工程的温度仿真计算成果及采取的温控措施，对大坝的设计温控措施进行了综合评价，并提出了该工程的温控措施，对温控设计和优化施工方案具有重要参考价值。

When the fault throw is relatively small, the shale gouge ratio and clay smear potential are relatively large and shale smear is strong. In addition, the coal layers on both sides of the fault are mainly juxtaposed against shale. Therefore, shale smear and juxtaposition play a key role in the sealing. In contrast, when the fault throw is relatively large and shale smear is relatively weak, juxtaposition is unfavorable for sealing. However, the mylonite resulted from strong cataclasis can act as a seal of the coals. The cementation resulted from underground water activity is of great significance to the sealing ability of the fault. Mylonitic coal layers resulted from faulting occur on both sides of the fault. They are unique reservoirs with low permeability and high displacement pressure and their scales depend, to some extent, on the fault throw, fault properties, the hanging wall and footwall.

结果表明：①当断层落差较小时，断层泥比率和泥岩涂抹潜势值较大，泥岩涂抹效应强烈，且与断层两侧煤层对接的岩石主要为泥岩类，此时起封闭作用的主要为泥岩涂抹作用和断层两侧岩性配置关系；②当断层落差较大，泥岩涂抹作用较弱时，对接越不利于封闭形成，但碎裂作用强烈，沿断层两侧形成的糜棱岩对煤层起到了封闭作用；③地下水活动导致的胶结作用对整个断层的封闭具有重要的意义；④断裂作用形成的糜棱煤沿断层两侧分布，此糜棱煤带是一种低渗透、高排替压力的特殊储层，其规模与断层的落差、性质、上下盘都有一定关系。

Furthermore, large-scale fold and fault structure hasn't been found around the Tianchi Lake, but the original prismatic joints and radial joints developed well in the trachyte, so the rock mass is dissected into fractured fragmental structure and the integration of rock mass is further destroyed.

在构造方面，长白山天池周围虽然没有发现大规模的褶皱断裂构造，但粗面岩中原生柱状节理、放射状节理十分发育，这些节理裂隙将岩体切割成十分破碎的碎裂结构，使岩体极易产生岩崩、落石，使岩体的完整性遭到了进一步的破坏。

Based on the detailed study of seismic tomography image in South China, and according to the geotectonic environment and shape and heat of asthenosphere upwelling, we divided the structure of lithosphereasthenosphere at the Mesozoic upper mantle of Eastern China into three types.(1)Continental platform area (North China platform and Yangtze platform): asthenosphere upwelled along paleorift; over the plume head, the granitic rocks of crust and mantle mixed and correspondingly, Au, Cu, Mo, PbZn, etc. mineralizationconcentrated regions were formed; and at the steep contact belt of asthenosphere and the thick area of lithosphere, mediatebasic complex was formed.(2)Central area of fold zone: asthenosphere was "recumbent" at suitable depth, with adequate heat and in a great extent; by heat conduction, the interior of partial crust remelted, and the crustsource granitic rocks, and correspondingly, W, Sn and rare elements mineralizationconcentrated regions were formed.

在深入研究华南地震层析成像的基础上，按照大地构造环境和软流圈上涌形状和热度，将中国东部中生代上地幔中岩石圈软流圈构造划分为3类：(1)陆台区，软流圈沿古裂陷上涌，其柱头上方形成幔壳混熔花岗质岩及相应Au、Cu、Mo、PbZn等矿集区，并于软流圈与岩石圈厚区之陡接触带形成中基性杂岩及相应Fe矿集区；(2)褶皱带中心区，软流圈在适当深度、热量充足、较大范围内&平卧&，因热传导而致使地壳内物质部分重熔，形成壳源型花岗质岩及相应的W、Sn、稀有元素矿集区；(3)褶皱带边缘区(大兴安岭南部及华南南缘)，在软流圈上涌柱上方形成幔源或幔壳混熔的花岗质岩，相应为Cu、Au、PbZn、Mo、Ag矿集区。

And Pharaoh spoke to Joseph, saying, Your father and your brothers have come to you.

47：5 法老对约瑟说，你父亲和你弟兄们到你这里来了。

Additionally, the approximate flattening of surface strip using lines linking midpoints on perpendicular lines between geodesic curves and the unconditional extreme value method are discussed.

提出了用测地线方程、曲面上两点间短程线来计算膜结构曲面测地线的方法，同时，采用测地线间垂线的中点连线和用无约束极值法进行空间条状曲面近似展开的分析。