岩底

Hybrids of carbonate and terrigenous sediments Carbonate with terrigenous sediments are of characteristic from Emsian to Eifelian in stable shallow-sea faciesregion in Longmenshan area, and they can be classified evidently into hybrid Ⅰ and hybrid Ⅱ(Jingbaoshi-type). Type Ⅰ produced in mud shelf setting occupied hundreds of tempestite beds in which bottom cast、 hummocky cross bedding sandstones、 coquina were inter-beddded with shales that beared a great deal of verm traces、 bioturbations、 benthic communities dominative of brachiopods. Type Ⅱ in sand-mud-marl shelf was characterized by high-energy foreshore sandbeach facies and shelly bank facies.

碳酸盐与陆源碎屑混合沉积方面对微相、相特征、旋回样式、沉积机理研究表明，龙门山地区泥盆纪稳定浅海相区Emsian期和Eifelian期混合沉积十分发育，颇具特色，明显可以划分为两种类型：混积Ⅰ型，泥质陆棚背景下发育风暴沉积组构，幕式风暴期产生具丘状层理、底流冲刷构造的钙质砂岩、介壳岩，平息期则形成具大量虫管和生物扰动的深灰色、黄绿色页岩及海百合茎灰岩，腕足动物等大量繁盛；混积Ⅱ型，砂泥灰质陆棚背景下以发育高能前滨沙滩及生物介屑滩为特色，近滨至陆棚的砂泥灰互为混合，三者比例接近，肉眼难以区别确切岩石类型。

It is shown that in the basins in the Eastern China, onshore and offshore, the formation of CO2 reservoir is crust-sourced and crust-mantal-mixed-sourced, mainly controlled by local activity of hot fluid into the mud diapir area in multi-phase and multi-zones in physical-chemical mechanism of very thick marine calcareous sandstone and mudstone of Pliocene-Miocene. The volcano- and mantle-sourced CO2 in the Qiongdongnan Basin and Pearl River Mouth Basin is mainly controlled by magmatism and major faults which cut through the basements and link to the mantle gas.

研究表明，中国东部陆相断陷盆地与东海陆架盆地及南海北部陆架琼东南盆地东部和珠江口盆地的CO2气藏及高含CO2油气藏中CO2均属典型的火山幔源型成因，主要受控于幔源型火山活动脱气与沟通深部气源的基底深大断裂的导气配置作用，其运聚富集规律及控制因素与幔源型火山活动及深大断裂的发育展布密切相关，CO2气源主要来自地壳深部幔源火山活动所脱出的大量原始CO2；南海北部陆架西区莺歌海盆地CO2气藏及中国东部陆相断陷盆地部分高含CO2油气藏中CO2，则属于壳源型及壳幔混合型成因，CO2形成及运聚成藏，主要受控于火山侵入活动对碳酸盐岩的烘烤和泥底辟热流体晚期分层分块多期的局部上侵活动与沉积巨厚的海相含钙砂泥岩的物理化学综合作用，其运聚分布规律具多期和分层分区的特点。

The Lower/Upper Cretaceous boundary in Songliao Basin is,therefore,between the Quantou and Denglouku formations,instead of between the Quantou and Qingshankou formations.2.The dark mudstones and shales in the Member 1 of Qingshankou Formation are of high organic carbon and low diasteranes contents.Organic geochemical characters are illustrated by biomarkers of 28,30-bisnorhopane and gammacerane,and positive excursion of kerogen isotopes.It is suggested that the dark mudstones and shales in the Member 1 of Qingshankou Formation are the products of lake anoxic period.It corresponds to the oceanic anoxic event at Cenomanian-Turonian boundary in Cretaceous.3.Based on the study of biostratigraphy,chronostratigraphy,magnetostratigraphy and event stratigraphy,a correlation of the lacustrine sequence to marine standard has been proposed,i.e.,the Quantou Formation corresponds to Cenomanian stage,Qingshankou Formation correlates to Later Cenomanian-Early Turonian,Yaojia Formation to Later Turonian-Coniacian,Nenjiang Formation to Santonian-Campanian.Sifangtai and Minshui Formations to Maastrichtian. 4.Analysis of lithology,lithofacies and microfossils of Cretaceous in Songliao Basin, shows that shore and shallow lake facies yield the most abundant microfossil groups,and the predelta and deltaic distributary plain facies rich in fossils as well.In the shore and shallow lake areas during the high level periods(such as Qingshankou and Nenjiang sedimentary periods),the lacustrine biota are of high diversity and high abundance.

因此，松辽盆地上、下白垩统的界线应在泉头组的底界，即泉头组与登娄库组之间，而不是泉头组的顶界。2、青山口组一段黑色泥岩、页岩具有有机碳含量高、重排甾烷含量低，生物标志物出现28，30—双降藿烷和伽马蜡烷，干酷根碳同位素具有正向偏移等有机地球化学特征，表征为青山口组一段黑色页岩、油页岩是古湖泊缺氧事件的产物，它对应于白垩纪古海洋Cenomanian—Turonian期界线附近缺氧事件，二者具同步性。3、通过生物地层学、年代地层学、磁性地层学和事件地层学研究，认为泉头阶大体相当于Cenomanian阶，青山口阶相当于晚Cenomanian—早Turonian阶，姚家阶对应于晚Turonian—Coniacian阶，嫩江阶对应于Santonian—Campanian阶，四方台阶和明水阶相当于Maastrichtian阶。4、通过对松辽盆地上白垩统的岩性、岩相及微体化石分析，认为滨浅湖相是微体生物群最为发育的相带，其次为三角洲前缘相和三角洲分流平原相。

The shoshonites in Zaxue area of Tibet, including the hypabyssal intrusive quartz-monzonite porphyry and the volcanic rocks of Pana Formation, distribute in the central part of Gangdese magmatic belt.

西藏扎雪地区钾玄岩包括浅成侵入的石英二长斑岩和帕那组的火山岩，分布于冈底斯岩浆弧带中段。

It is embodied concretely:(1) With the adoption of grouting bolts, the cranny in wall rocks can be blocked up, the air can be isolated, the wall rocks can be prevented to be weatherized and make water, the strength of wall rocks can also be avoided to be lowered;(2) The lax broken wall rocks are commentated to a whole by liquid after they were grouted and the rock"s strength is increased, so the wall rocks become a part of the support structure by using itself and become a whole with the original rock, and the roadway is made to keep stable but not easy to be broken;(3) The spray layer wall are filled with liquid after grouting, the stress is avoided to be concentrated because the load could be evenly acted on the spray layer and the support;(4) The pressure acted on the plank can be delivered to the two sidepieces and then to the bottom by reinforcing the sidepiece; At the same time, the concentration degree of loads acted on the motherboard can be weaken because of the enlargement of the combination arch"s thickness, as result, the rock"s stress is lowered and the heaving is alleviated;(5) The common bolt is made to be fixed the whole length after grouting, the layers are connected to a integral whole and bear the weight of loads, so the support structure"s unity is increased.

具体体现在：(1)采用注浆锚杆注浆，可以利用浆液封堵围岩裂隙，隔绝空气，防止围岩风化，且能防止淋水和渗水，避免围岩被水浸湿而降低围岩的本身强度及造成的巷道变形。(2)注浆后浆液将松散破碎的围岩胶结成整体，提高了岩体强度，实现利用围岩本身作为支护结构的一部分，且与原岩形成一个整体，使巷道保持稳定而不易产生破坏；(3)注浆后使得喷层壁后充填密实，保证荷载能均匀地作用在喷层和支护上，避免出现应力集中点而首先破坏；(4)注浆后使作用在顶板上的压力能有效地传递到两帮，通过对帮的加固，又能把荷载传递到底板；同时由于组合拱厚度的加大，这样又能减小作用在底板上的荷载集中度，从而减小底板岩石中的应力，减轻底臌；(5)注浆加固后能使普通端锚锚杆实现全长锚固，它们共同将多层组合拱连成一体，共同承载，提高了支护结构的整体性。

The material for formation of the granitoids isderived from mixing sources of crust and mantle, with decreasing in crust-derived componentsfrom early to late.5. The tectonic setting for formation of the Mesozoic granitoids in the region isdefined as a post-collisional setting. The occurrence of a small part of rocks with characteristics ofcollisional or anorogenic granitoids provides evidence for the continuous process oftransformation of tectonic regime from collisional through post-collisional to anorogenic.6. Themultiple cycles of mantle-derived magma underplating caused by the multiple stages oflithospheric thinning in the Mesozoic result in the partial melting of middle to lower crust orcrust-mantle syntexis to form magmas. The crystallization of these magmas emplacing afterfractionation is responsible for the formation of the Mesozoic granitoids in this region.

形成花岗岩类的成岩物质来自壳幔混源。5、河南省西部地区中生代花岗岩类成岩构造环境为碰撞后环境，部分岩石具有碰撞期或非造山期花岗岩的某些特征，表明碰撞后阶段既是碰撞造山过程的延续，又是向非造山环境的构造转换时期，因而其岩浆活动在一定程度上仍然继承了碰撞前消减时期和碰撞时期已经活化的岩浆源区性质。6、研究表明，区内中生代多阶段的岩石圈减薄作用引发多旋回的幔源岩浆底侵以及中下地壳的部分熔融或壳幔同熔，由此形成的岩浆经分异演化后侵位可以形成区内的中生代花岗岩类。

Act, playor doto entertain an audience

表演；演奏；表演岩床底上如有陷穴，就起到天然溜槽的作用，干扰了岩流体系，使硫化进一步堆积。

Type III is composed of latite and benmoreite, which are enriched in Al and Ti, with Na2O/K2O≥1.1 and no negative Eu anomaly (δEu=0.93–1.06), and Th/Ta and Ta/Hf ratios indicate a continental intraplate extensional environment. Its formation is probably related to underplating of basaltic magma.

第Ⅲ类由安粗岩，歪长粗面岩组成，富Ti，Al，Na2O/K2O≥1.1，Eu无异常(δEu=0.93～1.06)，Th/Ta，Ta/Hf值显示大陆板内伸展环境，其形成可能与玄武质岩浆的底侵作用有关。

Recent studies of abyssal peridotites show that they are not melt residues of batching or fractional melting of pyrolite directly after melt extraction of MORB. Petrological studies of peridotites from Luobusa ophiolite massif also indicate that the mantle peridotites are not simple residues of primary pyrolite either.

罗布落蛇绿岩橄的镜下观察和岩石化学资料也证明，它不是原始地幔岩经局部熔化后的残余物，而且由来自更深层的地幔过渡带的硅酸盐超高压矿物底辟上升经熔取出玄武质熔体后，再次局部熔化后的残余物。

High-Na andesites ; adakite ; melting of alkali-rich basaltic underplate ; Jiangxi province

高钠安山岩；埃达克岩；富碱玄武岩熔融；底侵作用；江西

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。