岩化

The maximum run-out distance is 3200m. The three cases are studied from the Niuquangou rockslide-debris flow at the south west segment of the main seismic fault, the Chengxi rockslide at the middle segment of the main seismic fault and the Donghekou rockslide-debris flow at the north east segment of the main seismic fault.The three cases illustrates following common characteristics:(1)parent rockmass is broken under long geologic processing and weathered;(2) Rockmass was separately expanded and thrown under long-period strong ground vibration in which the vertical motion was predominant along the main seismic fault;(3)sliding mass was crashed at the exiting zone and transferred to fragment material;(4) The secondary landslide was triggered underneath the exiting zone due to the powerful crashing and shaving processes that provides more mass to debris body and cushion shape;(5) The a long run-out distance fragment flow is occurred under air layer lubrication. The air layer was pressed and turbulently flowed in the narrow-shaped valley, or laminarly flowed in the extensive flatland.

本文重点解剖了位于地震破裂带南西段的汶川映秀牛圈沟滑坡-碎屑流、位于地震破裂带中段的北川城西滑坡和位于地震破裂带北东段青川东河口滑坡-碎屑流3个典型实例，认为具有如下特征：1）岩性条件：母岩遭受长期构造动力作用，呈碎裂岩体，后期被强烈风化，岩体极为破碎；(2）抛掷效应：位于汶川地震主断裂带或附近，垂直加速度大于水平加速度，强地面运动持时长，岩体发生振胀和抛掷；3）碰撞效应：上部滑坡体发生高位剪出和高位撞击，致使岩体碎屑化；(4）铲刮效应：撞击作用导致下部山体被铲刮，形成次级滑坡，为碎屑流体提供了足够展翼和抛洒物源体积；5）气垫效应：碎屑化岩体快速抛掷导致下部沟谷空气迅速谷状圈闭和向下紊流，形成气垫效应，或者，在下部地形开阔地带压缩空气呈层流状态致使滑体凌空飞行。

It is a megadepression evolving from a Mesozoic back-arc paraforeland basin to a Cenozoic intermountain basin, and filled with large sets of argillaceous rock, calcareous mudstone, carbonate rock and clastic rock of saliniferous-semisaliniferous environment under the semidry climate of inland lakes which form a set of giant-thick hydrocarbon source rock with two periods of hydrocarbon-expulsion peaks, two types of reservoir series as well as special capping and migration conditions.

是一个由中生代弧后准前陆盆地向新生代山间盆地发展演化的一个大型坳陷。充填了内陆湖泊半干旱气候下咸化环境－半咸化环境的大套泥质岩，含钙质泥岩及碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩。形成一套巨厚的具两期排烃高峰的烃源岩，两种类型的储集岩系、特殊的盖层条件及运移条件。

Spatial distribution characteristics of dolomite sandification in the research area is inducted. Macroscopic mechanism of dolomite sandification is deeply studied. The effect of dolomite sandification to lithologic association, geological structure condition, hydrodynamic conditions of groundwater, hydrochemistry condition and so on is systematically analysed.

对研究区白云岩砂化的空间分布特征进行了归纳，并深入探讨了白云岩砂化的宏观机理，系统的分析了岩性组合、地质构造条件、地下水动力条件、水化学条件等对白云岩砂化的影响。

According to the variation in the components of intermediateacid igneous rocks coming from the lower crust, it is possible to restrain the depth of the source area and the minimum thickness of the crust, and thus to provide important information for the study of the deep process of the continental intraplate mineralizationGlobally, many world level porphyry copper deposits and metallogenic systems formed by hypabyssal hot liquid have their close relationship with the synchronous adakite in spacetime and genesis; domestically, the adakitelike rocks have been identified to be related to the metallogenesis in the main metallogenic areas in ChinaThe recognition of adakitelike rocks having no relationship with the process of subduction makes it possible to construct a metallogenic model of continental intraplate porphyry metal deposits by combining other geological evidences, and this model is totally different from the metallogenic model of porphyry copper deposits with Bsubduction setting constructed by Sillitoe (1972)The existence of adakitelike rocks may be the necessary condition but not the sufficient one for forming the largescale porphyry deposits and the hypabyssal hotliquid deposits, whose metallogenic elements mainly came from the mantleThe metallogenic potential of adakitelike rocks is achieved by the entering of the mantle material, and the metallogenic specialization of adakitelike rocks is decided by the distribution characteristics of the metallogenic elements in the upper mantleAn important reason for the adakitelike magma related to subduction being advantageous to mineralization is that there were abundant high pressure and high temperature liquid coming from the subducted platepieces and the magma of high fO2 coming from the melting of subducted platepiecesHowever, for those adakitelike rocks, whose occurrence has continental plate background but does not relate to the subduction, their metallogenic mechanism is not clear yetBased on the concept of modern mineral exploration and combined with the analysis of integrated geological information, we may better realize the practical prospecting significance of the adakitelike rocks

根据起源于下地壳的中酸性岩浆岩的成分变化，可以约束其源区深度以及地壳最小厚度，为大陆板内成矿作用的深部过程研究提供重要信息。全球范围内，许多世界级斑岩铜矿和浅成热液矿化系统与同期的埃达克质岩存在密切的时空与成因联系，在国内主要成矿区带也识别出与金属成矿作用有关的埃达克岩。与俯冲过程无关的埃达克质岩的识别，使我们有可能结合其他地质证据构建完全不同于Sillitoe(1972)B型俯冲环境的斑岩铜矿成矿模式的大陆板内斑岩型金属矿床成矿模式。对于规模巨大、矿质主要源自地幔的热液矿床的形成，埃达克岩可能是必要条件，但不是充分条件。埃达克岩的成矿潜力通过地幔物质加入而获取，埃达克岩的成矿专属性由上地幔成矿元素分布特征决定。与俯冲有关的埃达克质岩浆之所以有利于成矿，重要的原因是存在大量来自俯冲板片的高压、高温流体以及俯冲板片熔融形成高氧逸度(fO2)的熔体，但产出在大陆板内背景、与俯冲无关的埃达克岩的成矿机制还不清楚。根据现代资源勘查理念，结合综合地质信息分析，埃达克质岩具有实际找矿意义。

Focusing on the PGE enrichment mechanism in the basic-ultrabasic intrusions in the Panxi rift, firstly, through the interpretation of TM photograph, data processing of regional geochemical exploration and geophysical prospecting results of gravity, magnetic force and seism, we analyzed the controlling effect of structure and magmatic movement on the PGE mineralization; Secondly, through the study of volcanic apparatus, petrography, measurement of comprehensive geochemical section, isotope tracing and dating of typical PGE-rich melanocratic rock series, we discussed the sources of the PGE-bearing mafic-ultramafic intrusions and basalts, their timing, evolvement sequences, the geochemical processes of magma crystallization and fractionation, and the relationship between magma evolution and structural development; Finally, through the analysis of PGE and chalcophile elements concentrations in the melanocratic rock series and the contrastive study with the Noril''sk magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide deposit, its related continental flood basalts and Siberia Traps, we discussed PGE mineralization characteristics and its enrichment mechanisms in the melanocratic rock series in the Panxi rift.

本项目首先围绕川西地区主要的PGE矿床及伴生矿的地质环境和有关的地质构造背景，通过TM卫片解译、区域化探和重、磁及地震物探资料分析，总体把握构造及岩浆活动对PGE成矿的控制作用；然后通过对典型富PGE暗色岩套的火山机构地质构造、岩石岩相学、地球化学、同位素定年和示踪等方面的工作，分析本区基性－超基性含矿岩体与喷出岩之间的成岩物质来源、侵入时代及演化序列，研究该区同一岩浆房分异结晶的地球化学过程及其随构造发展的耦合关系；最后通过对暗色岩套PGE地球化学剖面分析以及与俄罗斯诺里尔斯克陆内裂谷溢流型玄武岩中PGE矿化的岩石－构造环境对比研究，探讨该区暗色岩套中的矿化特点和富集部位及其PGE富集机制。

This kind of metamorphic process is similar to hornfelsic alteration under a nearly closed isochemical condition.

这种变质过程是在一种近于封闭的等化学条件下完成的，类似角岩化。

The copper-bearing sulfide horizon of the Qinglongtan deposit underwent not only intense structural reformation but also superimposition of skarn-type mineralization after the formation of massive sulfide ores.

文章综述了柴北缘地区的VHMS型Cu-S矿床－青龙滩式矿床，指出其容矿岩石为加里东造山带中被改造过的岛弧火山岩，该矿床中含铜硫化物矿层形成后不但遭受过构造的强烈改造，而且也受后期矽卡岩化的改造和叠加。

Float ore work mortar is a superior crack resistance and to a certain flexibility, is designed to vacuum glass ball of beads perlite insulation mortar design, is conducive to raising and protecting the ball vacuum glass of beads perlite insulation mortar comprehensive performance is vacuum-perlite insulation glass beads of mortar than with supporting materials, and is particularly important in the whole insulation system, thin scraping thickness is batter, generally no more than 2 mm.

抹面抗裂砂浆是具有优异的抗裂和一定柔性，是专为真空球珍珠岩玻化微珠保温砂浆设计的，有利于提高和保护真空球珍珠岩玻化微珠保温砂浆的综合性能，是真空球珍珠岩玻化微珠保温砂浆比配的配套材料，在整个保温系统中尤为重要，刮抹厚度以薄为宜，一般不超过2mm。

Float ore work mortar is a superior crack resistance and to a certain flexibility,is designed to vacuum glass ball of beads perlite insulation mortar design, is conducive to raising and protecting the ball vacuum glass of beads perlite insulation mortar comprehensive performance is vacuum-perlite insulation glass beads of mortar than with supporting materials, and is particularly importantin the whole insulation system, thin scraping thickness is batter, generally no more than 2 mm.

抹面抗裂砂浆是具有优异的抗裂和一定柔性，是专为真空球珍珠岩玻化微珠保温砂浆设计的，有利于提高和保护真空球珍珠岩玻化微珠保温砂浆的综合性能，是真空球珍珠岩玻化微珠保温砂浆比配的配套材料，在整个保温系统中尤为重要，刮抹厚度以薄为宜，一般不超过2mm。

The landscape is otherworldly, from the ocean of blood red crests along Dune Alley at Sossusvlei (pronounced SOSS-oo-vlay) to the gravity-defying rock formations and petrified forest of Damaraland, in the country's center.

这里的风景是超尘脱俗的，从索苏维来沙丘道边血红色浪头的海洋到纳米比亚中部达马拉兰地区由地心引力形成的岩化森林。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。