山区

According to the characters of debris flow and risk controlling condition in mountain towns, The concentric circle theory of geography is introduced in this paper, The concentric circle model for debris risk control in mountain towns is discussed and the effect of "concentric circle model" in hazard risk control is analyzed.

针对山区城镇泥石流危害特征及风险控制现状，引入地理学中的同心圆理论，探讨了山区城镇泥石流风险控制的"同心圆模式"，分析了"同心圆模式"中各风险控制层对灾害风险的控制机制及效应，提出城镇泥石流风险控制应遵循多层防范、逐级降低的思路，研究可为山区城镇的减灾管理提供合理的参考。

In this paper, the Beijing mountain as a big ecosystems is studied, the use of RS technologies on the ecological degradation of mountain conditions of the remote monitoring of the dynamic, given explanatorily the ecological degradation monitoring indicators and calculation methods, the degradation of mountain ecosystems derived monitoring results, and in accordance with the monitoring results to identify the main reason for the degradation of mountain ecosystems.

本文把北京山区这么一个大的生态系统作为研究对象，利用RS技术对山区的生态退化状况进行了动态的遥感监测，探索性的给出生态退化相关的监测指标和计算方法，得出山区生态退化的监测结果，并根据监测结果识别山区生态退化的主要原因。

The developing mode of the valley economy in the mountainous areas of China will provide the basis for the decision-making in the transformation of the functional roles of the mountainous areas of Beijing, and on the other hand, it will present experiences for the studies in the mountainous areas outside Beijing.

北京山区沟域经济发展模式的成功实践一方面支持了北京山区功能转型的战略决策，另一方面也为其他山区发展提供了借鉴和指导意义。

For reducing boundary distortion area, the elevations of grid DEM are viewed as a discrete sequence under a generalized coordinate, so that the boundary problem of two-dimensional discrete wavelet transform is turned into the boundary problem of one-dimensional discrete wavelet transform, which not only greatly reduces the boundary distortion area, improves the precision of reconstructed DEM data near the boundary, but also decreases the number of zeros adding on the boundary for wavelet transform, and boosts the compression ratio. On the basis of analyzing the distribution characteristics of coefficients in low and high frequency bands, a mixed entropy coding plan is applied, and a high efficient quantizator called"self-adaptive hard threshold"is established, which is helpful for improving the precision of the reconstructed DEM data and for enhancing compression ratio.

为了减小小波变换山区格网DEM数据压缩中边界失真区域，将山区格网DEM高程值视为广义坐标下的离散随机序列，把二维离散小波变换中的边界问题转换为一维离散小波变换中的边界问题，不仅大大减少了小波变换边界失真区域，提高了重构DEM数据边界点的精度，而且减少了边界补零个数，提高了压缩比；通过对山区格网DEM数据小波变换低频区和高频区变换系数分布特点的分析，采取了霍夫曼—游程混合熵编码方案，设计了高效、低失真的"自适应硬阈值"量化器，即对低频区变换系数不进行量化，直接进行霍夫曼编码；对高频区变换系数则先用"自适应硬阈值"方法量化处理，再进行游程编码。

The wavelet variance verification also indicates that the first main period of the runoff of mountainous watershed in the Shiyang River Basin is 30years, and 22years and l5years are the second and third period respectively; 3 Then we also compared the total runoff of mountain watershed with climate factors of Wushaoling which station is in the mountain headstream area, such as precipitation and temperature, the data record that the correlation coefficient of annual runoff and precipitation variation over the upper reaches in the Shiyang River Basin is 0.61 ,which indicates precipitation is the main water recharge of the runoff.

石羊河流域出山口年径流的周期变化与乌鞘岭站年降水量和年均气温周期基本上都能在同一周期上下浮动，其中出山口年径流量与乌鞘岭山区年降水量相关系数为0.61，说明地表径流量主要是由山区降水补给；年径流量与山区年均气温变化呈0.28的反相关，说明该流域近50年来出山口径流与山区气温呈反比，即径流量随年均气温上升而减少，相关性暂时不十分明显。

Firstly, it concludes the slope Biotechnique, analyzes its specialties and applied situation, put forwards a method that choosing the slope Biotechnique mode from texture gradient the slope corrade expense and so on; Secondly, it investigates that technology of vegetation construction from the selecting seed and the helping grow, put forwards a method that selecting the seed.

首先，将山区公路边坡生态防护方式进行了归纳，分析了主要方式的特点和适用范围，提出从质地、坡度、坡面侵蚀情况、费用等方面进行方式的选择；然后，从物种选择、植物助长方面对植被建植技术进行了研究，提出了简易可行的五步选种方法；接着，分别以黄土地区山区、秦岭山区的边坡生态防护为实例进行了说明；最后，从景观的角度探讨了山区公路边坡生态防护的协调，提出了协调原则和具体要求。

According to the design of traffic engineering and roadside facilities of JINGZHU National Highway from Xiaotang to Gantang section and some study about mountain expressway, we give answers about where build service area ;how to manage tunnels; TSC in turbid area; road safety in mountain area, sum up the technology characteristic of mountain area expressway traffic engineering design.

根据京珠国道主干线粤境北段高速公路小塘至甘塘段交通工程及沿线设施设计和相关的山区课题研究，提出山区高速公路服务区选址、隧道监控、雾区监控、收费管理、山区供电和交通安全的解决方案，总结山区高速公路交通工程设计的技术特色。

Abstrac t:According to the design of traffic engineering and roadside facilities of JINGZHU National Highway from Xiaotang to Gantang section and some study about mountain expressway, we give answers about where build service area ;how to manage tunnels; TSC in turbid area; road safety in mountain area, sum up the technology characteristic of mountain area expressway traffic engineering design.

根据京珠国道主干线粤境北段高速公路小塘至甘塘段交通工程及沿线设施设计和相关的山区课题研究，提出山区高速公路服务区选址、隧道监控、雾区监控、收费管理、山区供电和交通安全的解决方案，总结山区高速公路交通工程设计的技术特色。

There is a thick layer of limestone under the mountain while it is magmatic rocks under the plain.

济南位于山区和平原的交界处，山区下面是一层很厚的石灰岩，平原下面却是岩浆岩，山区的石灰岩由南向北倾斜，到了济南，正好被切断。

Finally, suggestions are propounded on policy making for protection and development in China's the mountain areas.

最后结合我国山区政策目前正处于转型阶段的特点，对山区政策的制定以及山区小城镇的整体发展提出建议。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。