层面断层

There are much discontinuities in rockmass, they have different, different character, different dimension and different orient. For example, bedding plane, unconformity, schistosity, fault, fissure,etc.

岩体中总是存在着各种成因不同，性质不同，大小不同和产状不同的结构面，如层面、不整合面、片理面、断层、裂隙等。

The selection of geological prospecting in different stages(initial-prospecting, detailed-prospecting)(2)the selection of geological prospecting in the deep-laid and shallow-laid of tunnel project (3)the selection of geological prospecting of tunnel projecting in different geological conditions Finally, the author summed up main problems needing to be solved in tunnel engineering geological prospecting as follow:(1)differentiate stratum and find out the depth and thickness of different stratums in the tunnel section (2)find out geological structure and existence situation of fault, broken zone and weak plane (3)find out weathering level of bed rock to classify surrounding rock combining speed materials (4)differentiate stratum structure of the entrance of tunnel to judge the stability of it (5)find out existence situation and performance of ground water (6)situations of other harmful geological phenomenon In view of above problems and classification of surrounding rock, the author showed principles of rational choosing of methods in geological prospecting and counted disperse range of physical character parameter value in different petrosal character, getting achievements as follow:(1)summarization of effect, merits and demerits of different geological prospecting methods in the tunnel geological investigation (2)method selection and arrangement principle of tunnel engineering geological prospecting in different geological conditions and prospecting stages (3)According to previous experience and cases, the author concluded the物性parameters most in use ,and showed the basis of selecting geological prospecting methods in different geological conditions.

论文中用几个应用实例来说明：(1)不同勘察阶段物探工作的选用；(2)深埋、浅埋隧道工程物探工作的选用；(3)不同地质条件隧道工程物探工作的选用。最后总结归纳出隧道工程物探所需要解决的问题主要有：(1)划分地层，查明隧道通过剖面的各地层深度与厚度。(2)查明地质构造，隧道轴线段有无断层、破碎带、软弱层面等。(3)查明基岩风化程度，从而结合速度资料进行围岩分级。(4)划分洞口地层结构，判断洞口稳定性。(5)查明地下水赋存情况及其活动动态。(6)其他不良地质现象存在情况。针对上述需要查明的地质问题与计算围岩分级情况，论文提出合理选用物探方法的原则，并统计了物性参数值在不同岩性中的分布范围。得出以下研究成果：(1)总结出各物探方法在隧道地质调查中的作用和优缺点。(2)得出不同地质条件下和不同勘察阶段，隧道工程物探方法选择和布置的原则。(3)根据以往工作经验和事例，对常用的物性参数进行了归纳总结，同时介绍了不同地质条件下物探方法选择的依据。

If a fault has a vertical fault plane. How do we determine its hanging wall and footwall?

若一断层的断层面是直立的，我们怎么去确定它的上盘和下盘呢？

A fault plane solution illustrates the direction of slip and the orientation of the fault during the earthquake.

断层面问题说明了在地震过程中断层的定向和滑动方向。

Such faults are straight over long distances and the fault plane is nearly vertical.

这种断层笔直地延伸到很远的地方，而且断层面几乎是垂直的。

During building 2D model, I use the concepts of point, segment, line and plane, the segment can be formed from points, then line can be formed from segments, the closed curved plane can be obtained by around lines, and finally the 2D model can be built by closed curved plane; I express the un-smooth stratum or fault by linear fitting and express the smooth stratum or default by cubic spline fitting segmentally, in this way I can describe the variation feature of 2D interface properly.

在二维建模中，引用点、段、线、面的概念，即由点形成段，由段形成线，由线围成封闭面，封闭面构建成二维模型；对表示二维地层和断层的界面线，用线性拟合表示非光滑性地层或断层面，用分段三次样条拟合表示光滑性地层或断层面，恰当地表达了二维界面的变化特点。

The nods and element meshes were signed out according to the geometry of every section. The geometric data was input computer and the element mesh body of cats＇ head was established in vizi CAD system. The Maximum stress,Minimum stress and yon Mises stress were calculated by Super SAP (93ed) finite elemental software when the force was loaded on right or left side of model in zero section.

方法猫头颅CT断层确定各层面节点并数字化，在有限元专用vizi CAD系统建立猫头颅三维有限元网格体模型，应用Super SAP有限元软件(93版)分析猫头半约束非撞击致伤时颅脑最大主应力、最小主应力、von Mises应力值及其在各层面的分布。

Fine calibration for horizon, bed plane analysis techniques,seismic coherence data analysis,high resolution impedance inve...

在应用解释系统中放大地震剖面、时间切片、椅式切片和三维可视化等常规解释功能的基础上，结合精细层位标定、层面解释分析技术、地震相干数据分析技术和高分辨率波阻抗反演等多种技术开展小断层的研究，避免了 1m～ 2 m薄储层断失；应用地质统计学方法进行动态时深转换，提高密集井网区构造解释精度；进行全三维的层面和断面成图，指导复杂条件的井位调整；总结出构造发育特征与储层有效厚度分布的关系。

The other 10 central lumbar disc herniation case s were chosen as control group with low back pain and sciatic nerve pain but cauda equina symptom.All 31 cases were treated by operation.Method of imaging analy sis:the CT foraminal and ruptured areas were measured by MAS-l computerized ima ging analysis system,then the rates of foraminal and ruptured area were calcula t ed.

图像分析方法：将CT断层扫描图像在MAS-1图像分析系统上作图像分析，在486计算机上分别计算出同一层面椎管和突出物的面积，再算出突出物所占同一层面椎管面积的百分率；结果显示31例疗效均满意。21例梗阻型平均随访1.5年，根性症状完全消失，肛门、会阴部症状3／4消失，1／4明显缓解，图像分析结果：21例有马尾神经受损表现者，其突出物占同一椎管截面积60.4%～75.8%，平均66.7%。

of imaging analy sis:the CT foraminal and ruptured areas were measured by MAS-l computerized ima ging analysis system,then the rates of foraminal and ruptured area were calcula t ed.Results showed that the nerve root pain disappeared in 21 obstructive disc cases besides the symptom of anus perineum disappeared in 3／4 and alleviated in 1／4 cases within 1.5 years follow-up.

图像分析方法：将CT断层扫描图像在MAS-1图像分析系统上作图像分析，在486计算机上分别计算出同一层面椎管和突出物的面积，再算出突出物所占同一层面椎管面积的百分率；结果显示31例疗效均满意。21例梗阻型平均随访1.5年，根性症状完全消失，肛门、会阴部症状3／4消失，1／4明显缓解，图像分析结果：21例有马尾神经受损表现者，其突出物占同一椎管截面积60.4%～75.8%，平均66.7%。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失