层的

It is found that,there are two types of interfacial cracking patterns of the ceramic coat: in the cooling process, mode Ⅰ is vulnerable to crack at the peak position of the cosine curve, and mode Ⅱ at the middle position; in the heating process, interface edges are introduced into the ceramic coat/substrate system as a result of the vertical cracks emergence, and the ceramic coat will transversely crack at these positions because of the stress concentration effect.

计算时对陶瓷层材料分别按理想线弹性本构和黏塑性本构模型开展了模拟。分析发现，陶瓷层的界面开裂存在两种模式：在降温过程中，陶瓷层容易出现界面波峰处的Ⅰ型开裂与腰部位置处的Ⅱ型开裂；在升温过程中，陶瓷层容易发生垂直开裂使结构中出现陶瓷层/基体的界面端，界面端部严重的应力集中效应使陶瓷层容易在该处横向开裂形成界面处的边裂纹。

And 19. 4 from the big field with the 1: 1 ratio, and hence the best way for the improvement of planosol is to mix the Aw and B horizons in 1: 1 or 0.5: 1 ratio, meanwhile leaving the Ap horizon undisturbed.

采用人工模拟试验的方法进行白浆土心土混层改良试验结果证明：白浆土心土混层的最佳方案是：在不打乱白浆土肥沃表土层的前提下，把淀积层和白浆层按1∶1或0.5∶1比例混合。

Results of analysis show that Generalized Paris Law can consider the complex crack propagation in the material of the pavement structure. The fatigue life of the pavement increases with increasing thickness of surface layer in a power function. Use of a thicker surface layer may extend the service life of the asphalt pavement. The fatigue life increases with decreasing modulus of surface layer in a power function with a negative exponent. However, since reduced modulus would scarify the structural strength and might cause rutting-related distress, caution should be taken when using low modulus materials for improving fatigue performance of asphalt pavements. The fatigue life increases with increasing modulus of base material in a power function. However, the fatigue life can not infinitely increases with increasing modulus of the base.

计算与分析表明：广义Paris公式可以考虑沥青路面结构内材料复杂的裂缝扩展：沥青面层的疲劳寿命随着面层厚度的增加以幂函数的形式增加，适当增加沥青面层厚度可以提高路面的使用寿命；沥青面层的疲劳寿命随着面层材料模量的降低以负指数的幂函数形式增加；由于材料模量的降低将牺牲路面的整体强度并可能引起路面车辙类损坏，以此提高疲劳寿命的方法应慎重对待；沥青面层的疲劳寿命随着基层材料模量的增加呈幂函数的形式增加，但由疲劳方程可以看出，寿命并不是随基层材料模量的增加而无限的增加，疲劳曲线在经过一个上升段后，逐渐趋于一个常数值，这说明，这时基层模量对寿命已不作关键性贡献；随着底基层厚度的增加，面层的疲劳寿命近似地呈线性函数增加，但效果并不很明显。

Aiming at this problem,the concept of the second order power spectrum was proposed based on the characteristic of the amplitude tune with pe- riodical notch spectrum in thin layer and theoretically researched.

为此，从薄层振幅调谐具有周期性陷频谱特征出发，提出了二阶功率谱的概念，从理论上对薄层的二阶功率谱特征进行了研究，建立了薄层厚度与二阶功率谱极大值之间的对应关系，给出了利用二阶功率谱进行薄层厚度预测的理论依据和方法，即根据薄层厚度和二阶功率谱的能量关系制作二阶功率谱图，图上强能量团对应的时间即为薄层时间厚度。

Aiming at this problem, the concept of the second order power spectrum was proposed based on the characteristic of the amplitude tune with periodical notch spectrum in thin layer and theoretically researched. The corresponding relationship between the thickness of thin layers and the maximum value of second order power spectrum was established. The theoretical criteria and method for the thickness estimation by second order power spectrum were given. The second order power spectrum map is made by the energy relationship between the thickness of thin layers and the second order power spectrum, and the time responding to strong energy on the map is the time of thin layer.

为此，从薄层振幅调谐具有周期性陷频谱特征出发，提出了二阶功率谱的概念，从理论上对薄层的二阶功率谱特征进行了研究，建立了薄层厚度与二阶功率谱极大值之间的对应关系，给出了利用二阶功率谱进行薄层厚度预测的理论依据和方法，即根据薄层厚度和二阶功率谱的能量关系制作二阶功率谱图，图上强能量团对应的时间即为薄层时间厚度。

It was found that the mechanical properties of the joints decreased by the alclad and it will be increased dramatically by removing the alclad. The effect of alclad on the bottom surface is larger than on the top surface. The mechanical properties of 2024-T3 joints will fall down because alclad is entrapped into the welded joints by the rotating and stirring tools during the friction stir welding, similar with "inclusion" in fusion welding.

研究结果表明，包铝层的存在明显降低了2024-T3铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的力学性能；去掉包铝层后接头的性能显著提高；下表面包铝层对接头性能的影响大于上表面包铝层；当2024-T3铝合金表面带有包铝层进行搅拌摩擦焊接时，在搅拌头的旋转和搅拌作用下，包铝层被卷入焊缝中，形成类似于熔焊的&夹杂&，从而使得接头的力学性能下降。

The phase structure of the ceramic-coating includes γ-Al2O3, AlPO4 and CoO. The forming process of the ceramic-coating includes iron movement, melting of surface layer, movement of electrolyte towards the melting-zone and the final nucleus-forming and sintering. The ceramic coating looks like islands and islets. The ceramic coating and the matrix are integrated metallurgically.

结果表明：该陶瓷膜层由γ-Al2O3， AlPO4和CoO等组成；通过对陶瓷膜层的表面形貌和显微结构观察及分析，发现陶瓷膜层形成过程是一个离子运动，表面层不断被击穿形成熔融区，处理体系中的电解质不断向熔融区运动、成核并迅速烧结的过程；陶瓷膜层呈现岛屿状；陶瓷膜层与基体之间为冶金结合。

At last, the goal is that devices between the field level and the baylevel is easy to interlink,in spite of voltage being l0KV or 500KV insPitC of GlS or trolly wire being used, in spite of oPtical voltage/currenttransducer or combined voltage/current sensors being used in the field level, in spite of devices produced by ABB or GEC being used, in case that the interface scheme (including adopting which kind of network and standard) between the field level and the bay level is confirmed.

最终要达到这样一个目的，一旦过程层与间隔层的接口方案确定（包括确定使用何种网络、依据哪一个标准），那么不管系统电压是10KV还是500KV，不管是GIS还是架空线，不管过程层使用的是组合式电压/电流传感器还是光纤电压/电流互感器，不管过程层使用的是ABB的设备还是GEC的设备，过程层的设备就可以同间隔层的设备很容易地实现互连。

On the other hand, T -type twin and α〓 laths were preferentially formed at these nonequilibrium interfaces. The lath formation process involves complex transformations of the interfacial dislocation core and can be activated preferentially under concentrated stress fields at these interlamellar interfaces.

其二，热形变Ti-45Al-8Nb合金片层结构中，由于偏离严格取向关系的α〓/γ，γ/γ〓片层片层界面上具有较大的应力集中，外应力将优先在这些α〓/γ片层界面上诱导形成T型孪生位错，从而形成横过γ片层的T型孪晶。

The vibration modes in ABA sandwich 180°domain structure have been analysized, it was found that the FDLW includes symmetric vibration mode and aymmetric vibration mode. A new asymmetric vibration mode have been found in the two Layer 180°domain structure with two metalized surfaces.

并指出基模色散特性的差别主要来自于畴层结构的不对称，铁电畴层波是畴最不对称情况下压电耦合的结果，随着层数目的增加，奇数层和偶数层的这种基模色散的差异将逐步减少，最终趋于铁电畴层弯曲波。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失