层流

Incident shock wave ; regular reflection ; Mach reflection ; laminar boundary layer ; separation

入射激波；规则反射；马赫反射；层流边界层；分离

Some sub-models of the original KIVA code were modified, by introducing into the Kelvin-Helmholtz and Rayleigh-Taylor model for spray breakup, the multiple laminar and turbulent characteristic timescale combustion model, the heat transfer model of Han and Reitz, the Hiroyasu and Nagle soot model and the improved Shell auto-ignition model were added to the original KIVA, to improve the predictions of engine spray, ignition, combustion, gas/wall heat transfer and emissions.

为提高模拟精度对标准的KIVA程序进行了改进，引入KH-RT雾化模型、层流和湍流多重特征时间尺度燃烧模型、Han和Reitz传热模型以及Hiroyasu和Nagle碳烟排放模型来模拟柴油机多次脉冲喷雾、燃烧、壁面传热及排放过程，同时增添改进的Shell自燃模型来模拟着火过程。

As the Reynolds number increases, this flow loses stability, and displays some behavior of nonlinear dynamics, accordingly, it is very important to study this problem, which values in application.

这种流动随雷诺数的增大，在从稳态层流发展到湍流的过程中，表现了一些典型的非线性动力学行为，因此对它的研究具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。

The maximum run-out distance is 3200m. The three cases are studied from the Niuquangou rockslide-debris flow at the south west segment of the main seismic fault, the Chengxi rockslide at the middle segment of the main seismic fault and the Donghekou rockslide-debris flow at the north east segment of the main seismic fault.The three cases illustrates following common characteristics:(1)parent rockmass is broken under long geologic processing and weathered;(2) Rockmass was separately expanded and thrown under long-period strong ground vibration in which the vertical motion was predominant along the main seismic fault;(3)sliding mass was crashed at the exiting zone and transferred to fragment material;(4) The secondary landslide was triggered underneath the exiting zone due to the powerful crashing and shaving processes that provides more mass to debris body and cushion shape;(5) The a long run-out distance fragment flow is occurred under air layer lubrication. The air layer was pressed and turbulently flowed in the narrow-shaped valley, or laminarly flowed in the extensive flatland.

本文重点解剖了位于地震破裂带南西段的汶川映秀牛圈沟滑坡-碎屑流、位于地震破裂带中段的北川城西滑坡和位于地震破裂带北东段青川东河口滑坡-碎屑流3个典型实例，认为具有如下特征：1）岩性条件：母岩遭受长期构造动力作用，呈碎裂岩体，后期被强烈风化，岩体极为破碎；(2）抛掷效应：位于汶川地震主断裂带或附近，垂直加速度大于水平加速度，强地面运动持时长，岩体发生振胀和抛掷；3）碰撞效应：上部滑坡体发生高位剪出和高位撞击，致使岩体碎屑化；(4）铲刮效应：撞击作用导致下部山体被铲刮，形成次级滑坡，为碎屑流体提供了足够展翼和抛洒物源体积；5）气垫效应：碎屑化岩体快速抛掷导致下部沟谷空气迅速谷状圈闭和向下紊流，形成气垫效应，或者，在下部地形开阔地带压缩空气呈层流状态致使滑体凌空飞行。

Flowmeters: differential pressure flowmeter, velocity flow meter, the liquid volumetric flow meter, rotameter, target-style flow transmitter, the critical flow meter, mass flowmeter, gas laminar flow sensor, gas waist Wheel flowmeters, open channel weir slot flow meter

流量计：差压式流量计、速度式流量计、液体容积式流量计、转子流量计、靶式流量变送器、临界流流量计、质量流量计、气体层流流量传感器、气体腰轮流量计、明渠堰槽流量计； 17。

With span 4,9 M, depth 48 cm, and slimness 8 it seems like wings of any RC model :- There are used WORTMANN's laminar profile with low Reynolds number.

随着跨度4，9男，深入四八厘米，轻薄8好像翅膀的遥控模型：-任何有使用沃特曼的层流档低雷诺数。

The simulation mainly includes two sections, the solution of surface velocity of lake, and the simulation of oil spill movement.

模拟工作主要包括两个部分，即湖泊表层流场的求解和溢油在背景流场下运动行为的模拟。

The variaition of the surface current indicates two patterns:from Novermber to next May,it is winter-time pattern,with the left months being the summer-time pattern.The pattern transformation is much slowly from the winter to the summer with～2-3 months;whereas,it is much quick from summer to winter,with only 1 month.These variabilities are mainly caused by the seasonal monsoon.

台湾海峡由南向北传的谐振潮波与由北向南来传播潮波的共同作用，K_1分潮在澎湖列岛西侧海域出现了逆时针旋转的圆流点。2006全年的观测表明，台湾海峡西侧表层流场的的变化主要为冬夏两个阶段，11-5月为冬半年，6-10月为夏半年；由冬向夏的转换较为缓慢，而由夏至冬的转换迅速，主要受制于季风。

We suggest three ways to improve the oxygen supply to slices under submerged conditions: optimizing chamber design for laminar flow of superfusion fluid; increasing the flow rate of superfusion fluid; and superfusing both surfaces of the slice.

我们建议三种方式以改善在浸浴下脑切片的氧气供应：优化培养容器设计以利于灌流液的层流；增加灌流液的流速；灌流切片的两个表面层。

Furthermore, the structure of drift trammel net, set longline of baited hooks and jig and their fishing methods were described.(2)The fishing gears in Hejiang section were divided into drift trammel net, set longline and jig according to the fishery status in Hejiang section."Number of fishing boat day" was selected as the unit of fishing effort.

2根据合江江段的渔业现状，将该江段的渔具分为三层流刺网、饵钓、滚钩和其它偶见渔具四类，以"船·天"作为捕捞努力量的单位，用单位捕捞努力量渔获量乘以年捕捞努力量分别得到这四类渔具的年渔获量，并将这四类渔具的年渔获量相加估算出合江江段1999-2002年的渔获量分别为104563.464kg、65564.231kg、123684.966kg和107285.272kg。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。