层流

The laminar flamelet model has been widely used in the recent years, but its application to the internal combustion engine is still scarce. The domestic investigation in this aspect is almost blank.

本文作为初步尝试，将层流小火焰模型应用于典型的柴油机扩散燃烧过程，以一台直喷式柴油机为对象，分别以碳十二烷与空气的单步反应和正庚烷与空气的多步反应为机理，以混和分数为自变量，以标量耗散率为参数，建立相空间中组分质量分数瞬时值及温度瞬时值的二维层流小火焰数据库。

Firstly, the two parts are solved separately, and the results are then coupled together. Because the thickness of the combustion reaction zone at high Re and Da numbers is less than the turbulent diffusion scale in diesel engines, the flame is extremely thin, its micro-structure keeps the laminar structure, so the turbulent flame can be regard as the ensemble of locally one dimensional, thin laminar flamelet embedded within the turbulent flow field.

由于柴油机中在高雷诺数和高Damkoeler数的情况下，燃烧反应区厚度小于湍流耗散尺度，火焰极薄，其微元保持层流结构，因此，湍流火焰可视为嵌入湍流流场内局部具有一维结构的薄的层流小火焰的系综，这便构成了层流小火焰模型主导思想，同时也使层流小火焰模型模拟柴油机湍流燃烧过程成为可能。

Thirdly, the standered SIMPLE algorithm of Patankar forsolving tWo-dAnensional elliPtic kind equations in orthogonal coo-rdinates is developed, A gerneral comPuter program for solvingequations goveming the laxninar flows and tubulent flows usingcolocated grids in orthogonal coordinates is built.

在S.V Patanker求解二维定常椭圆型方程的SIMPLE程序的基础上，加进同位网格的内容，编制了层流、紊流计算程序，用1）平行平板层流；(2）后台阶层流：（3）正方形方腔层流自然对流三种典型流动状态检验了层流同位网格SIMPLE计算程序，结果显示与一般规律及理论解吻合甚好。

Structures of the skin friction lines appearing on a prolate spheroid in l aminar and turbulent flows were investigated and compared by using an improved o il-flow visualization technique.

用改进的油流显示法研究和对比了层流和湍流状态下绕椭球流动的表面摩擦力线结构。实验中观察到，椭球表面摩擦力线在层流和湍流状态下具有不同的拓扑结构。

The effect of Reynolds number on rudder hydrodynamic performance is also analyzed. Up to the stall angle the computed lift and drag agree well with measurements and other author's calculations, whereas stall angle, lift and drag beyond the stall angle are slightly under-predicted. The solver is used to investigate laminar and turbulent separated flows around a 6: 1 prolate spheroid at high incidence angles and their effects on hydrodynamic forces. The second separation flows are successfully identified in both laminar and turbulent flow simulations.

应用所开发的求解器，以6：1长椭球体为算例计算了回转体在大攻角下定常斜航运动时的三维粘性流场及水动力，对层流流动和湍流流动分别进行了计算，分析了层流与湍流分离流动和涡旋产生的特点及其对水动力的影响；计算结果与他人的试验和计算数据比较，吻合程度良好，表明应用本求解器能够正确模拟这种以层流／湍流分离流为主的复杂粘性流动，得到相当精确的水动力，检验和验证了该求解器精确模拟回转体在大攻角下的粘性分离流动和计算水动力的能力。

The solver is used to investigate laminar and turbulent separated flows around a 6:1 prolate spheroid at high incidence angles and their effects on hydrodynamic forces. The second separation flows are successfully identified in both laminar and turbulent flow simulations. The computations are shown to agree well with available experimental and numerical data and the physics of 3D large-scale flow separations and vortex shedding are confirmed.

应用所开发的求解器，以6：1长椭球体为算例计算了回转体在大攻角下定常斜航运动时的三维粘性流场及水动力，对层流流动和湍流流动分别进行了计算，分析了层流与湍流分离流动和涡旋产生的特点及其对水动力的影响；计算结果与他人的试验和计算数据比较，吻合程度良好，表明应用本求解器能够正确模拟这种以层流/湍流分离流为主的复杂粘性流动，得到相当精确的水动力，检验和验证了该求解器精确模拟回转体在大攻角下的粘性分离流动和计算水动力的能力。

The motion of the fluid flowing through a SKstatic mixer in laminar flow can be resolved into rotary motion and straightline motion, so we can respectively calculate the flow resistance of the two motions.

将流体在静态混合器中作的层流流动分解为直线运动和旋转运动，然后分别计算这两种运动在流管中的流体阻力，并将两者相加后得到SK型静态混合器中液体层流流动时流体阻力的计算式。

With the design method described and design standard proposed in this thesis, a transonic NLF wing has been designed. Calculation shows that this NLF wing has, even in case of full turbulent boundary layer flow, good transonic aerodynamic characteristics.

本文结合民机预研项目，根据后掠机翼层流流动的特点和已有的经验提出了自然层流机翼的设计准则，用本文的三维机翼设计方法设计了一个跨音速自然层流机翼。

Storage of drug products after release;(9) Control and laboratory operations;(10) Aseptic processing, which includes as appropriate: I Floors, walls, and ceilings of smooth, hard surfaces that are easily cleanable; II Temperature and humidity controls; III An air supply filtered through high-efficiency particulate air filters under positive pressure, regardless of whether flow is laminar or nonlaminar; IV A system for monitoring environmental conditions; V A system for cleaning and disinfecting the room and equipment to produce aseptic conditions; VI A system for maintaining any equipment used to control the aseptic conditions.

无菌操作及有关要求： I 地板，墙壁和天花板平滑，坚硬，表面易清洁； II 温度与湿度控制； III 空气经高效过滤器，在正压下过滤，层流或非层流均可； IV 环境检测系统； V 创造无菌环境，房间和设备的清洁，消毒系统； VI 控制无菌环境的设备维修系统。

To investigate the effect of different laminar cooling patterns on the microstructure and mechanical properties of plates in rolling process,the changes in temperature and microstructure of plate in such cooling process were calculated simulatively by coupling finite difference method with microstructural evolution models,thus predicting the ferrite grain size and phase composition under different cooling patterns .

为了研究层流冷却方式对中厚板组织和性能的影响，用耦合有限差分和微观组织演变模型模拟计算了中厚板层流冷却过程中的温度和组织变化，预测出了不同冷却方式下的铁素体晶粒尺寸和相组成。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。