局域效应

Parikh and Wilczek further refined and extended the thought of Keski-Vakkuri and Kraus, the radiation was explained as a tunneling process crossing the barrier of horizon, and in literatures the method is called Parikh-Wilczek tunneling method. In our paper, we further studied the effect of Hawking radiation of the apparent horizon of the dynamical spacetime, the FRW universe, and the thermodynamics of the apparent horizon of the dynamical black hole modes, the Vaidya black hole and the McVittie black hole.

更为重要的是，近年来联系于视界热力学一些新的性质被发现：Einstein方程在视界上可以作为热力学第一定律的形式出现；在Friedmann-Robertson-Walker宇宙表观视界上，时空动力学方程(Friedmann方程)也可以写成一个所谓的统一热力学第一定律的形式；局域定义的FRW宇宙表观视界，也存在着在Kodama矢量观测者看来的Hawking辐射效应。

If the atomic density is small10~(13atoms/cm~3 or less such that local field effects are unimportant.

如果原子密度很小10~(13atoms/cm~3或更小，局域场效应可以忽略不计。

In Chapter 3 relaxation in growth with a conservation law is studied, and reduced roughness of the surface due to the effect of relaxation is found. The last chapter includes discussions of point defects in conservational surface growth.

第三章研究了守恒界面生长中界面弛豫效应的影响，发现弛豫作用使得守恒生长的界面粗糙程度下降；第四章研究了杂质点缺陷的存在对生长表面的影响，发现存在于生长的活跃表面层中的点缺陷会使表面的局域粗糙度增加。

By measuring pressure induced by dynamiting which located various positions of the circular shell, the localizational effect of impact force on the circular shell is disclosed. Also, PVDF piezofilms are used to determine accurate time while projectile contacting target, accurate time while two interfaces of the target contacting at a initial distance of 5, and the contacting pressure between the two interfaces when the projectile is in 500m/s to lOOOm/s.

通过对化爆模拟加载试验中柱壳不同角度压力的监测，揭示了化爆模拟产生的压力局域化效应，为进一步模拟设计提出研究的方向；采用PVDF压电薄膜来监测弹靶碰撞的时刻、细小间隙的闭合时间以及由此产生的压力变化，通过对PVDF压力计测试结果分析以及和数值模拟结果的比较，获得规律性的认识，为进一步的应用提供了技术支持。

Photonic quantum-well structures can be constructed by stacking 3 photonic crystals with the same photonic band gap and different defect modes. On condition that the defect mode of the PC in the well region is located into nontransmission frequency ranges of the PCs in the barrier regions, the confined photonic state appears and can completely transmit through the structure by tunneling. However, its transmission will be strongly prohibited due to vanishing of the photonic QW induced by shifting the defect mode frequency of either of the PCs in the surrounded regions to that of the middle PC.

把三块各带有一个缺陷的光子晶体结合起来，如果中央晶体的缺陷模处在两侧晶体的禁带中，缺陷模内的光波会受到两侧晶体的阻碍并被局域在中央晶体内，形成量子阱结构；若一侧晶体的缺陷模被移动到中央晶体缺陷模处，则只有一侧晶体阻碍在中央晶体缺陷模内传播的光波，量子阱效应完全消失，光的传输受到最大程度的阻碍。

Increased spin disorder and a decrease of with increasing Fe content are evident. It depopulates the hopping electrons and weakens the double exchange. From resistivity and magnetization data, it is expected that the addition of Fe can introduce grain boundaries and form antiferromagnetic clusters.

电阻率的峰值随着Fe的增加而增大，并且峰值对应的温度TIM向低温移动，随着外加磁场的增大电阻下降，产生MR效应，这是因为随着掺杂的增加，自旋无序增加，外场的增加抑制了自旋的扰动，在顺磁温区内，电子自旋形成了随机的磁结构，产生电子局域，破坏了极化子形成的环境，因此输运机制由绝热极化子输运转变为变程跳跃机制。

In this text, we introduce our research of using silver nanostructures to enhance the detection of fluorescent molecules. Different shapes of nano structures were studied by the dark-field optical microscopy. Comparing with the triangular and rectangular structures, the rod-like structure has the best efficiency in the fluorescence enhancement.

本文介绍利用银奈米结构所产生的局域增益光场应用於萤光分子之检测，不同几何结构所造成的萤光增益效应不同，我们发现奈米圆柱在相同的条件下，对萤光亮度提升有最佳效果。

Chapter 3 is devoted to the derivation of the master equation for the system. We find that the depasing time T2Q PCis about 100 ns when the spin decoherence is only induced by the QPC, and the repeated QPC measurement will slow down the transition rate between spin states which can be interpreted in terms of quantum Zeno effect.Meanwhile, we also study the effect of QPC measurement on two-electron spin state in double quantum dot system.

推导了系统的有效哈密顿量以及主方程、计算了测量过程中电子自旋态的演化行为；随后通过计算分析，我们发现QPC测量引起的退相干时间T2Q PC约为100ns以及高频重复的QPC测量会减缓电子自旋态之间的演化、局域系统在其初态，表现出量子Zeno效应。

Both theoretical and field studies have indicated that there is an Allee-like effect at the metapopulation level which similar to the Allee effect at the local population level.

理论和实验研究表明，在集合种群水平上，也存在类似于局域种群Allee效应的似Allee效应(Allee-like effect)。

In this thesis, the localization length, quantum size effect, quantum interference phenomenon in nanotubes have been theoretically studied.

本论文从理论上研究了碳管中的局域化长度、量子尺寸效应、量子干涉现象，并讨论了磁场对碳管电子结构的影响，超导/碳管/超导结中的邻近效应。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。