尺度

Therefore we have optimized the experimental system and the working status of instrument.2 The near-field SERS spectra and images for the [Ru_3]~(2+) molecule adsorbed on silver nanoparticle substrate were achieved. Based on the results, some specific phenomena for near-field SERS were found. By observing the near-field SERS spectra collected at different location at the nano-scale, the different spectral characteristics which are caused by the local environmental differences of molecules have been found. On the substrate, the highly SERS active sites are much more than SEF hot spots, and the distribution of them is not entirely consistent. This phenomenon could be explained by the influences of several factors including the different enhancement efficiencies existed for SERS and SEF, the quenching effects for fluorescence by the metal substrate and metal-coated tip, and the presence of different numbers of probing molecules in SERS and SEF.3 It is of interest that the near-field and far-field SER spectra demonstrate several distinctively different spectral features.

由于SNOM与SERS的结合在技术上将面临很多实际困难，例如近场激发信号极其微弱、纳米级微弱光谱的收集对实验精度和环境稳定性的苛刻要求等，因此我们对实验体系和仪器工作状态分别进行了优化。2获得了银纳米粒子SERS基底上[Ru_3]~(2+)分子在纳米尺度下的近场SERS光谱和图像，从中可以发现一些近场SERS效应特有的现象：通过观察不同位置得到的近场SERS光谱可以发现，在纳米尺度下，由于分子所处局域环境不同而体现出不同的光谱特征；此基底具有极高SERS活性的位点远多于表面增强荧光热点，且两者的分布并不完全一致。

In essence, we need a way to change scale at various points, and scale is at the heart of wavelets.

本质上，我们需要一种能在不同点上改变尺度的方法，而尺度就是小波的核心。

Evidence suggests that 1 under more stable stratification, the basic flow, if moving faster at low and high levels (particularly in the presence of jets there), allows a resulting meso-β unsteady wave to propagate eastward with respect to basic flow and even at greater velocity compared with it; 2 vertical windspeed shear of basic flow causes instabilities of the TWT perturbation; 3 considering the second derivative of basic-flow wind with respect to z (denoted by zz≠ 0 which is simply given as β* hereafter) the expression for the phase velocity of vortex Rossby wave is obtained, which is unidirectional in propagation with respect to basic flow; 4 VRoW has its physical origin from β*, i.e., from z-varying heterogeneities of y-direction averaged vorticity of the basic flow field; 5 VRoW phase velocity is associated with zonal wave number k, its energy is dispersive and the group velocity exists in the x direction; 6 when windspeed meets the condition of β*, TWT disturbance instability may be that of mixed VRoW and gravity wave; 7 if basic flow is subject to linear shear but does not meet the condition of β*, the TWT instability is that of inertia-gravity wave.

在大气层结比较稳定的情况下，如果基本气流在低层和高层较大(有可能存在低空急流和高空急流)，此时产生的β中尺度不稳定扰动相对于基流向东传播，甚至于快速向东传播。基本气流在垂直方向上的风速切变对于中尺度横波型的扰动起着不稳定的作用。如果考虑基流的二次切变，可以得到涡旋Rossby波的相速度表达式，涡旋Rossby波相对于基本气流是单向传播的。涡旋Rossby波产生的物理根源是基本流场的风速二次切变，亦即基本流场y方向的平均涡度在空间z方向上的不均匀所致。涡旋Rossby波的相速度与纬向波数也有关，它的能量是频散的，其在纬向x方向也存在群速度。在基本流场的风速存在二次切变时，横波型不稳定可能是混合的涡旋Rossby重力波的不稳定；而在基本流场的风速仅仅存在线性切变，不存在二次切变时，横波型扰动的不稳定则是重力惯性波的不稳定。

The period and e-time scale of the unstable coupled waves increased with the increase of the effect of the deep-sea to the mixed layer at the same latitude, same scale and same coefficient of air-sea coupled interaction, and so the minimal e-time scale and the period of the unstablest coupled waves increased with the increase of the effect of the deep-sea to the mixed layer.

2在相同的纬度，同一扰动尺度和海气相互作用系数下，不稳定海气耦合波的周期和e折时间尺度都有随深层海洋对混合层作用的增加而增大的趋势。

Their long term scale change and short term scale fluctuation are essential causes of formation and distribution of vegetation transition zone.

温度和水分的长时间尺度变化和短时间尺度波动是植被过渡带形成和分布的主要原因。

Second, we want to learn how biological systems operate at many timescales and over many length scales.

其次，我们需要了解生物系统在许多时间尺度和许多长度尺度是如何工作的。

Strain gradient theories have been established to deal with design and manufacturing issues at the level of microns and submicrons, and to explain the cleavage fracture in ductile materials.

在经典塑性理论中不包含任何尺度参数，因此无法解释在微米和亚微米量级实验中发现的尺度效应。

In this thesis ,a new technique for studying the mechanical behavior of nano-scale thin metal films on silicon substrate is presented. The test structure was designed on this novel "paddle" cantilever beam specimens with dimensions as few hundred nanometers to less than 10 nanometers.

中文摘要由於半导体产业及微机电产业之蓬勃发展，并且其尺度线宽已达到微-奈米等级之下，因此，本论文提出了一项新的研究奈米尺度下金属薄膜材料之机械行为的构想。

The sensitivity of moso-scale model to radiation is studied by including and omitting the variation of atmospheric temperature caused by radiation in the meso-scale regional climate model RIEMS.

在中尺度区域气候模式RIEMS中通过考虑和不考虑辐射对大气温度变化的影响来研究中尺度气象过程对辐射的敏感性。

Hen the coupling model of RIEMS and TOPX was still online tested in Jinghe basin. By means of the scale transformation scheme on topographic index and the yielding and runoff routing theory, the coupling model uses the meteorological data simulated by a regional climate model to drive the hydrological model for predicting the daily runoff at large-scale watershed.

OPX与RIEMS的耦合模式在泾河流域进行了在线测试，借助TOPX模型中的地形指数降尺度转换和水文过程产汇流机制，耦合模式实现了利用区域气候模式模拟的气象资料来驱动水文模型进行大尺度流域日径流量的模拟。

For a big chunk of credit-card losses; the number of filings (and thus charge-off rates) would be rising again, whether

年美国个人破产法的一个改动使得破产登记急速下降，而后引起了信用卡大规模的亏损。

Eph. 4:23 And that you be renewed in the spirit of your mind

弗四23 而在你们心思的灵里得以更新