尖峰

The following conclusions have been made in this paper.(1) Based on CO_2 flux data of eddy covariance, variation characteristics of gross primary productivity in four flux observation stations were studied, which are an alpine meadow, an alpine shrub meadow, a swamp alpine meadow and a steppe alpine meadow at Dongxiong. The results show that photosynthetic capacity of the alpine meadow is the highest, and the annual total GPP is 652.2g C/m~2. Daily-differencing approach is used to analyze the random error of CO_2 fluxes measurements. The results show that the distribution of random error follows more closely follows a double-exponential, rather than a normal distribution, capturing the high peak and thick tail, and the random error varies with environment variables, which violates the assumptions for the ordinary least squares fitting with normality and homoscedasticity, consequently, we introduce maximum likelihood method for parameter optimization.

本文主要在以下几个方面开展工作并获得了一些认知和结论：(1)通过分析样带区域内高寒草甸、高寒灌丛、沼泽化湿地和草原化高寒草甸四个通量观测站点草地生态系统总初级生产力变化特征，研究结果表明HBBT矮嵩草草甸生态系统植被光合作用能力较强，年GPP总量为652.2 gC/m~2，明显高于其他三种生态系统；通过利用"单塔日变化法"获得四站点通量观测数据随机误差，结果表明通量观测随机误差概率分布呈现尖峰厚尾的特征，与正态分布相比，更服从双边指数分布，进一步分析表明通量观测随机误差随环境变量(风速、温度和光合有效辐射)的变化而变化，这违背了普通最小二乘法进行生态过程模型参数优化正态分布且误差同质的假设，因此本研究中引入最大似然法进行生态过程模型参数优化。

Inductive circuit switching usually create voltage spikes due to current chopping or numerical instability.

电抗电路会由于电流的涌动或者数值不稳定，所以电路在接通和关断通常都会产生尖峰电压。

The experimental results show that this algorithm can eliminate the noises without loss of the rough shape, and find the inflexion and the peak subsequences accurately.

实验结果表明该算法能够在保持原始序列主要形态的同时剔除噪音干扰，精确定位单调序列中的突变转折点，发现序列中的尖峰状态。

However, asymmetric Laplace distribution has only 2 parameters and explicit distribution function form, it can fit the data of stock returns well. Consequently it greatly facilitates the calculation of optimal portfolios and the management of financial risk.

非对称拉普拉斯分布有明确的解析表达分布函数，只含有2个参数，能够较好拟合股票收益率分布的尖峰厚尾偏倚特性，给进一步的研究证券投资组合和金融风险管理带来了很大的便利。

And the evaluation effects of China's Stock Market's volatility by different ARCH models from different point of view are compared. In addition, by using two mixed distribution models, the leptokurtosis and fat-tail of stock return are examined. Based on the above analysis, an improved Laplace distribution model is proposed. Furthermore, the root generating non-Gaussian return distribution of the stock market ? is expounded from the perspective of both economy and capital market.

首先分别从分布和波动性模型出发，研究中国股票市场收益分布特征与波动性特征：从ARCH族模型出发，考察了中国股票市场波动性的异方差、集群性、杠杆效应以及长记忆性特征；从两个混合分布模型出发，结合随机模拟考察了收益分布的尖峰、厚尾和偏态特征，并提出了改进型LapJace分布。

In 2002, Kou proposed double exponential jump diffusion model, the most important is that double exponential jump diffusion model can generates a highly skewed and leptokurtic distribution, in addition, DEJD leads to tractable analysis pricing formulas for European and path-dependent options.

在2002年，Kou提出了双指数跳扩散模型，该模型最主要的特点就是能产生一个尖峰厚尾分布，更重要的是在双指数跳扩散模型下能给出易处理的欧式期权和奇异期权的解析定价公式。

Using a variety of statistical methods tested what rate of assets return are not subject to the normal distribution assumption, but leptokurtic distribution, and week data is closer to the normal distribution than daily data.

采用多种统计方法检验了资产收益率并不服从正态分布假设，而是尖峰厚尾分布，且周收益率要比日收益率更接近正态分布。

Let's get going, or we will hit rush-hour traffic for sure.

我们走吧，要不然我们一定会碰上交通尖峰时间。

It's like a little mace with little spikes and hooks and it fits into their forehead.

龙说。 这就像一个小尖峰狼牙棒和小钩，它与他们的额头是一体的。

But as far as switching off in a city, the rush hour city traffic inside this noggin of mine is what brings me the most trouble when I can't switch it off.

但据关掉，在一个城市，尖峰时段城市交通内noggin矿井，是什么使我最麻烦的时候，我不能开关，它赶走。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。