小麦的

The behavior of resistance of the most common Italian durum and bread wheat (80 and 73 cultivars, respectively) to wheat powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) tested in the fields from 1992 to 1996, was reported. The experiments of adult resistance of these cultivars were conducted annually in about 13 different cereal growing areas.

本文介绍了意大利近年来小麦主要推广品种（80个硬粒小麦品种和73个面包小麦品种）1992～1996年在田间对白粉病的成株抗性情况，和13个意大利硬粒小麦和20个面包小麦品种及11个中国小麦品种用意大利10个主要菌系进行的苗期抗性鉴定情况。

Some of the well-known types are the durum, emmet , Polish, and poulard.

有些类型是大家都很熟悉的，比如硬粒小麦、二粒小麦、波兰小麦、圆锥小麦。

Reaction of 24 Einkorn accessions to mixed inoculum of powdery mildew and stripe rust,and two T.urartu accessions UR204,UR206 and a T.monococcum accession MO205 were used for reaction to a set of 15 differential Blumeria graminis tritici isolates and 21 differential Puccinia striiformis isolates,respectively.Among them,UR206 was resistant to all 15 isolates,UR204 was resistant to 14 isolates except E11,and MO205 showed different resistant types.The results indicated that most likely UR206 and UR204 carried new powdery mildew resistance genes that were different from 18 known Pm genes and MO205 carried new stripe rust gene that were different from 24 known Yr genes.

本研究对24份一粒小麦分别进行了白粉病和条锈病混合菌种苗期接种鉴定，进一步分别用一套白粉病菌菌株(15个)对2份乌拉尔图小麦和条锈病菌小种(21个)对1份栽培一粒小麦进行接种鉴定，其中乌拉尔图小麦UR206能抵抗所有供试白粉菌菌株，UR204除对白粉菌菌株E11感病外，对其余菌株表现抗性；栽培一粒小麦MO205对不同条锈菌小种表现出不同的抗性反应，研究表明乌拉尔图小麦UR206、UR204和栽培一粒小麦MO205分别含有与已知抗白粉病和抗条锈病基因不同的新基因。

The genetic variation of chloroplast genome in spelt and T. tibetanum was more abundant than that in common wheat and there were closer genetic relationships between common wheat and T. petropavlavskyi and between hexaploid wheat and emmer.

结论］斯卑尔脱小麦和西藏半野生小麦等群体内的叶绿体遗传变异比普通小麦更丰富；野生二粒小麦与六倍体小麦以及新疆稻麦与普通小麦之间具有很近的亲缘关系，为不同小麦种的遗传差异提供依据。

The common wheat line 3D256, a derivative of wild emmer with pedigree Yanda1817/WE27//Nongda015/3/941, is highly resistant to prevailing local wheat powdery mildew isolate E09 in Beijing area.

本研究利用来自以色列的野生二粒小麦WE27与普通小麦杂交，再用普通小麦连续回交和自交，育成高抗白粉病小麦新品系3D256（其系谱为燕大1817/WE27//农大015/3/941，F6）。

In Huang-Huai-Hai region, the focus was to strengthen the cultivation and management to reduce yield gap between test and field production, because there were a high scientific and technological level but shortage of water, etc. In middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River region, the focus was to strengthen the ability of drainage and avoided water-logging etc. In north-eastern region, the focus was to avoid drought and high-temperature damage, sometimes spike-sprouting caused by rain pre-harvest.

黄淮海优势区灌溉水短缺，干旱、干热风等自然灾害频发，但小麦科技实力较强，育种和栽培研究水平相对较高，要加强栽培管理缩小试验地产量与大田产量的差距；长江中下游小麦优势区排涝和降渍能力比较弱，渍害、穗发芽时有发生；东北小麦优势区干旱和高温频发、收获前常遇阴雨导致穗发芽；西北小麦优势区土壤瘠薄、干旱少雨；西南小麦优势区日照不足、雨多雾大晴天少，易旱易涝等。

The results showed that N fertilizer could improve the nutrition quality of wheat, increase paste strength and flexibility, but decrease paste ductibility.

试验结果表明：施用氮素化肥能明显改良小麦品质，提高小麦营养品质，增强面团强度和筋力，降低面团的延展性；施用有机肥有利于提高小麦营养品质，增强面团强度和弹性，有机肥对小麦品质的影响作用小于氮素化肥；施用磷素化肥对小麦营养品质无明显影响，但会降低面团强度和筋力，增强面团延展性。

From Apr.1st to Oct. ninth, when two-year-old Onobrychis viciaefolia 、one-year-old Onobrychis viciaefolia 、Triticum 、Triticum aestivum/ Vicia villosa 、Triticum aestivum/ Brassica campertris 、Triticum aestivum-Vicia villosa and Triticum aestivum-Brassica campertris are planted, their content of soluble salt in 0～20cm soil layer are lower than that in uncovered soil, in the period of harvest , they decrease 0.361%、0.331%、0.141%、0.327%、0.312% and 0.317% respectively.

从时间变化分析，采用二年生红豆草、一年生红豆草、单作小麦、小麦/毛苕子、小麦/油菜、小麦-毛苕子和小麦-油菜7 种绿色覆盖模式时均使土壤表层盐分含量比同期裸地的低，生育期末分别降低了0.361%、0.331%、0.141%、0.327%、0.312%、0.321%和0.317%。

Filed experiments of 2001 showed that treatments with fungicide either 2 days before or 2 days post inoculation, tebuconazole reduced the disease index of the spikes by 80.32% and 70.64, as well as increased grain yield by 12.95% and 8.74% in comparison to the untreated control. Application of metconazole led to decreases of the disease index by 80.5% and 68.0% and increases of grain yield by 11.41% and 11.45% compared with the untreated plants. In 2002, with the serious occurrence of the head blight, tebuconazole reduced the disease index of the spikes by 76.47% and 78.67% and metconazole reduced the disease index by 82.06% and 81.89% in comparison to the untreated control.

田间药效测定结果表明：与对照相比，接种前2d喷药与接种后2d喷药，2001年，戊唑醇可使小麦赤霉病病情指数分别减少80.32%和70.64%，产量增加12.95%与8.74%；羟菌唑可使小麦赤霉病病情指数减少80.5%和68.0%，产量增加11.41%和11.45%；2002年，在小麦赤霉病严重发生的情况下，戊唑醇能使小麦赤霉病病情指数减少76.47%和78.67%，羟菌唑能使小麦赤霉病病情指数减少82.06%和81.89%，产量增加极显著。

Compearing with the control variety which is widely culti-vated in a special ecotope,the varieties which canopy temperature are lower all the way dur-ing grain formation and filling than the control variety are named cold typical wheat,and the varieties which canopy temperature are higher all the way than the control varietyare named warm typical wheat.

我们以生产上通用的、起骨干作用的品种作为对照，把籽粒形成和灌浆期与对照品种相比，群体温度持续偏低或基本相当的小麦称之为冷型小麦，群体温度持续偏高的小麦称之为暖型小麦，群体温度偏高或偏低不够稳定的小麦称之为中间型小麦。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。