小麦

Up to date, QTL analysis of adult-plant resistance against powdery mildew has not been reported in China. In the present study, QTL mapping of APR was conducted using a doubled-haploid population derived from the cross (Fukuho-komugi × Oligoculm) and a F_(2:3) population from the cross (Bainong64 × Jingshuang16). The methods and main results are described as follows:1. A doubled-haploid population from an intervarietal cross between the Japannese cultivar Fukuho-kumugi and the Israeli wheat line Oligoculm was prouduced by means of wheat × maize crosses.

国内关于白粉病成株抗性的QTL分析尚未见报道，本研究开展了小麦白粉病成株抗性鉴定、遗传连锁图构建、白粉病成株抗性QTL分析，得到以下研究结果：(1)以抗白粉病的日本小麦品种Fukuho-komugi和以色列小麦Oligoculm杂交产生的DH群体为材料，利用313个SSR标记和37个RFLP标记，对Fukuho-komugi和Oligoculm的白粉病成株抗性进行QTL分析。

In order to reveal clearly the genetic character of the dwarfing polish wheat, artificial crossing, cytological and morphological studies were carried out in present study. In addition, the chromosomal location of dwarfing and long glume character of dwarfing polish wheat was studied by means of Langdon monosomic analysis.

本试验：(1)通过矮秆波兰小麦与8个来源不同或染色体组组成不同的小麦属材料杂交，对杂种F_1进行细胞遗传学分析；(2)采用单体分析法，对矮秆波兰小麦的矮秆、长颖基因进行了基因定位。

With vertical-section analysis, in the later of experiment, naked terra and wheat land make content of soluble salt high in 0～20cm,and decreasing with deepening of soil-layer; the content value of planting two-year-old Onobrychis viciaefolia 、one-year-old Onobrychis viciaefolia 、interplanting and sequential cropping in the every soil-layer is equal; in harvest, only planting wheat and interplanting display content of soluble salt is high in middle-layer (20～60cm) and low in surface and down layers(0～20cm,60～80cm).

土壤垂直剖面分析，试验末期裸地的土壤盐分表现为0～20cm 土层高，随土层深入含量逐渐降低；二年生红豆草、一年生红豆草、套种和复种处理的土壤盐分均表现出各层含量近似相等的特征；小麦收获期，单作小麦和小麦套种地各土层的可溶性盐含量均表现为中层(20～60cm)高、上下层(0～20cm 和60～80cm)低的特征。

The secondary root number per plant of Yumai No 49,a mi d-s trength quality wheat,is the smallest among the three varieties except the winte r stage but its root system quality is the best;the intensity of reducing TTC an d the activity of SOD of fresh wheat root are the highest during the period fro m winter stage to flag leaf stage.Since flag leaf stage,its physiological charac ters are weaker and have bigger variation during whole stage.The secondary root number per plant of Yumai No 50,a soft quality wheat,is the biggest except duri ng winter stage,and its dry weight of root of single plant is the heaviest in ev ery stage.Before 19th,March,its intensity of reducing TTC is the weakest and dec reases abruptly after flag leaf stage,but its activity of SOD decreases slowly.R oot dry weight per plant of Yumai No 34,a high quality wheat,is the smallest amo ng the three varieties and its root system quality is the weakest.Before jointin g stage,the intensity of reducing TTC is stronger,but after that,it decreases sl owly though it is smaller,and the activity of SOD decreases slowly in every stag e.

中筋小麦豫麦49号除越冬初期外，其它各时期单株次生根条数均为最少，单株根干重介于豫麦34号及豫麦50号之间，单根质量高；越冬初期至挑旗期，根系活力、根中SOD活性均强于其它两个品种，挑旗后，根系生理活性较小，整个生育期根系生理活性变化幅度大；弱筋小麦豫麦50号除越冬初期外，其它各时期单株次生根条数均最多，单株根干重各时期均为最大；拔节前根系活力最弱，挑旗后根系活力下降幅度较大，根中SOD活性较强且各时期变化幅度不大；强筋小麦豫麦34号，单株根干重最小，根系质量最差；拔节前根系活力较强，拔节后根系活动较弱，下降速度缓慢，根中SOD活性各时期变化幅度较小。

Several wheat cultivars were transformed in planta by Agrobacterium tumefaciens and numbers of transformants were gained.

利用农杆菌介导的小麦活体转化技术转化多个小麦品种，得到一定数量的小麦转化体植株。

The wheat tribe Triticeae Damort., in the subfamily Pooideae, Poaceae, includes three of the most important cereal crops, i.e., wheat, barley, and rye, as well as many economically valuable forage grasses.

小麦族(Triticeae Damort。)属于禾本科的禾亚科，包含着与人类的生活密切相关的三种重要粮食作物，如：小麦、大麦和黑麦，小麦族还包含了许多有重要经济价值的牧草种类。

Wheat leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina is one of important diseases of wheat, which seriously reduced the yield of wheat.Resistant cultivars are the most economic, safety and effective ways for minimizing the losses caused by the disease.

由小麦叶锈菌引起的小麦锈病是影响世界小麦稳产高产的重要病害之一，利用抗病品种是防治该病害最经济、安全、有效的方法。

Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis West. f. sp. tritic is one of the most important diseases on wheat throughout the world.

小麦条锈病是由小麦条锈菌(Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici)引起的重要病害，严重威胁着小麦生产。

Puccinia striiformis f. Sp. Tritici is one of the most economically important fungal pathogen of wheat worldwide. However, very little is known about its genome and gene functions, which can be critical for developing the disease management strategies.

小麦条锈菌(Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici)是全世界范围内小麦生产上的重要病原真菌，但是对小麦条锈菌的基因组和基因功能却了解甚少。

Besides replacing varieties, research and extending of high-yield wheat cultivation technology was a strong support of the sustainable development of wheat production. At this stage, these technologies were adjusting the amount of seeding, regulating fertilizer, ridging and conservation tillaging technology, etc.

除了更新品种，小麦高产栽培技术的研究和推广也是小麦生产持续发展的强力支持，现阶段已形成以调整播量为核心的的高产栽培技术、以调节施肥为核心的的高产栽培技术，还有小麦垄作技术、保护性耕作技术等。

I can not make it blossom and suits me

我不能让树为我开花

When temperatures are above approximately 80 °C discolouration of the raceways or rolling elements is a frequent feature.

当温度高于 80 °C 左右时，滚道或滚动元件褪色是很常见的特征。