小骨

(1) The input of the internal fixation implant should be in accordance with the compressive trabeculae and be clingy with the femoral calcar, Abduction in small degree (10-30°) will improve the stress in femoral neck region. The stress distribution of the femur under extemal violence explained why the old people are easy to get the middle and low part fractures of the femoral neck and intertrochanteric fractures.(2) The finite element model of femoral neck fracture is good in orrowing various fixation methods for femoral neck fracture.

(1)三维有限元方法用于研究不规则物体是一种有效、准确的数值方法，不仅能考虑到所研究物体的几何形状，而且也考虑到物体的内部结构特性；股骨颈处的压力骨小梁和股骨距是重要的承载结构，内固定物的放置应循压力骨小梁方向尽量紧贴股骨距钻入；载荷主要通过压力骨小梁和股骨距传导至股骨干的中下1/3处；一定角度的下肢外展（10-30°）会较明显的增加股骨颈区的应力，而下肢的内收反而会减小此区的应力；暴力作用时股骨上端应力分布特点从生物力学角度说明老年人易于发生股骨颈中下段骨折和转子间骨折的原因。

The skeletal system showed a series of evolutive characteristics, for example, it had one premaxillary and one frontal bone, the malaris disappeared, the squamosal became smaller, the vomer became thinner, the suturae between the dentary and splenial and the suturae between the coronoid and angular was blurry.

表现出了一系列进化特征，如前颌骨愈合成1块，额骨也愈合成1块，颧骨消失，鳞骨变小，犁骨薄弱，下颌夹板骨与齿骨、冠状骨及隅骨之间的骨缝不明显，愈合程度较高。

Results Osteoclast and osteoblast around trabecula of bones showed proliferation, shi1e fatty tissues in bone marrow decreased and hematopoietic tissue well-regenerated alter the hyperbaric oxygen-treated. Also juvenal osteocyte and collagen fibril were observed in early stage by electron microscope.

结果 多数骨小梁周围可见骨母细胞增生、偶见破骨细胞增生，髓腔内脂肪细胞逐渐减少，造血组织增生；电镜发现骨小梁内早期即出现幼稚骨细胞和胶原原纤维合成。

Results Early signs of ANFH using CT showed that, in 38 femoral heads 31 cases, there were radiate star shape of high-density osteosclerosis of the trabeculae in 13 femoral head.

结果：早期ANFH的CT表现：31例38个股骨头，其中13个股骨头骨小梁呈放射状高密度的"星状征"，骨小梁境界清楚、锐利，属Ⅰ期；25个股骨头表现为骨硬化，骨小梁结构消失、模糊不清，骨密度减低及囊性改变，属Ⅱ期；并有5个股骨头在Ⅱ期影像学改变基础上出现软骨下骨折及轻微塌陷，属Ⅲ期。

Results Early signs of ANFH using CT showed that, in 26 femoral heads in 21 cases, there were radiate star shape of high-density osteosclerosis of the trabeculae in 8 femoral head.

结果 CT早期表现：2 1例 2 6个股骨头，其中 8个股骨头骨小梁呈放射状密度增高的"星状征"，骨小梁境界清楚、锐利属Ⅰ期；18个股骨头表现为骨硬化，骨小梁结构消失、模糊不清，骨密度减低及囊性改变，属Ⅱ期；并有 3个股头在Ⅱ期影像改变基础上出现软骨下骨折及轻微塌陷，属Ⅲ期。

Results Early signs of ANFH using CT showed that, in 38 femoral heads 31 cases, there were radiate star shape of highdensity osteosclerosis of the trabeculae in 13 femoral head.Twentyfive femoral heads showed osteosclerosis and trabeculae structure disappearing and vague,incoordinately lowostedensity area and cyst change.There were fracture under the cartilage and light subsid in 5 cases.

结果：早期ANFH的CT表现：31例38个股骨头，其中13个股骨头骨小梁呈放射状高密度的"星状征"，骨小梁境界清楚、锐利，属Ⅰ期；25个股骨头表现为骨硬化，骨小梁结构消失、模糊不清，骨密度减低及囊性改变，属Ⅱ期；并有5个股骨头在Ⅱ期影像学改变基础上出现软骨下骨折及轻微塌陷，属Ⅲ期。

The periostea of both experimental and control side of the mandibular ramus were taken and prepared, 2 of each 5 rabbits in a group were prepared for HE stain detection and 3 for proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunohistochemical detection.Results:1, The newly formed bone was detected on the lateral aspect of mandibular ramus after periosteal distraction. The bone was shaped like a hill. It looked very low and was full of holes at postoperative day 28. With the time of consolidation period lengthened, the newly formed bone matured gradually. X-ray examination showed the new bone shaped like a hill. The average values of new bone height at postoperative days 28,35,42 and 56 were 1.86 + 0.15mm, 2.29 + 0.29mm,3.19 + 0.13mm and 4.70 + 0.45mm. Histological examination of both HE stain and picricacid-fuchsin stain showed the increase in the number of osteoblasts and the change in the orientation of collagen fibers and bone trabecula. There were no significant differences between newly formed bone and original bone on the lateral aspect of mandibular ramus at postoperative day 56 histologically.2 Compared with the control side, the distracted periostea proliferated obviously under the microscope, and the number of periostealcells increased with satiation of cellular nuclear per unit area. The images of PCNA immunohistochemical stain of periosteum showed that the experimental periosteum proliferated obviously after distraction compared with the control side.

结果：骨膜牵张成骨的实验研究南京医科大学硕{学位论文l、骨膜牵张后，可见下领升支外侧的骨皮质上有新骨形成，新骨呈山峰状凸起，术后第28天的新生骨较低平，多孔隙，随着固定时间的延长，新骨逐渐成熟；下领升支前后向切线位X线投照显示新骨呈山峰样隆起；经测量，术后第28、35、42和56天组平均新生骨厚度分别为x.86士0.15mm、2.29士0.29mm、3.19士0.13mm和4.70 土0.45mm；脱钙骨组织的HE染色和不脱钙骨组织的苦味酸一品红染色的组织学观察均显示了新生骨在成骨细胞数量上的增长，以及胶原纤维和骨小梁排列方向上的变化，术后第56天的新生骨在组织学上与原升支骨组织已无明显区别。2、HE染色显示，与对照组相比较，实验侧骨膜增生明显，细胞间排列紧密，单位面积内骨膜细胞数增多，细胞核饱满；骨膜PCNA 免疫组化染色显示，与对照侧相比较，实验侧骨膜在牵张后出现了明显的增生迹象，PCNA阳性细胞分布紧密，单位面积内阳性细胞数较对照组多，靠近骨表面的骨膜中的阳性细胞数更多而且分布更为紧密。

Results After 3 months of kidney radiation by 15 Gy of Cs137 γ-rays, the changes with kidney shrank, Bowman's capsules straitened or disappeared, glomerular swelled, some epithelia denaturalized or died were observed. Mitochondria tumefied and the cristae shortened, lessened and disordered. Urine β2-MP rose evidently. It was lowered significantly the renal 25-OH-D-1α-hydroxylase activity and its mRNA expression. The dry and ash weight, BMD of femur and lumbar were significantly reduced, volume and width of bone trabecula were distinctly decreased and the space increased in model group. The Pyd / Cr increased and ALP decreased as well.

结果 15Gy 137Cs-γ射线肾局部照射3个月后肾脏体积缩小，肾小球肿大，Bowman氏囊囊腔狭窄甚至消失，部分肾小管上皮细胞变性、坏死，线粒体肿胀，体积增大，线粒体嵴变短、减少、排列紊乱；尿β2-MP显著增加；肾1α羟化酶活性及1α羟化酶mRNA基因表达量明显下降；肾辐射组股骨干重、灰重、腰椎和股骨BMD明显降低；骨小梁体积和骨小梁宽度减少，骨小梁间距增加，MAR减小；腰椎压缩和股骨三点弯最大载荷明显降低，Pyd / Cr值明显增加，ALP显著降低。

Methods Fortythree cases of Itraarticular Fracture of the Calcaneus(46 feet) were treated with limited internal fixation with small incision and artificial bone implantation from June 2003 to June 2007.There were 34 male(37 feet) and 9 female(9 feet). Small incision was used extracalcaneus,collapsed facies articularis posterior calcanei after reduction,air containing space of Calcaneus were fiiled with hydroxyapatite ceramic artificial bone.

2003年6月—2007年6月作者采用微创小切口有限内固定联合人工骨植入的方法对43例46足跟骨关节内骨折进行治疗，其中男34例37足，女9例9足，术中运用跟骨外侧横行小切口，塌陷的跟骨后关节面复位后选用羟基磷灰石人工骨材料填充跟骨内空腔然后克氏针及螺钉固定。

Head-to cry as a result of chromosomal abnormalities, metabolic diseases, intrauterine infection, caused by factors such as intrauterine malnutrition, fetal pregnancy in 5 months, there has been slow brain development, and head circumference at birth is slightly smaller than the normal newborn, Before the chimney, or close to the closure of small, aging face and normal bone development on both sides of the frontal and temporal bone upward, flat occipital bone, the head of the Department appears to be even smaller than the head tip, it is also known as the cusp deformity.

小头啼形可因染色体异常、代谢性疾病、宫内感染、宫内营养不良等因素引起，胎儿在妊娠5个月时，脑发育已出现迟缓，出生时头围比正常新生儿略小，前囱小或接近关闭，随年龄增长面骨发育正常而额骨及两侧颞骨向上倾斜，枕骨平坦，头颅部显得更小，头顶较尖，故又称尖头畸形。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。