小骨

For ALIF, this ranged from 0.8 (complete, 100% fusion) to 3.3 (solid fusion of the posterior 25% disc space). For PLIF, the numbers were more aried, ranging from 0.7 (complete, 100% fusion) to 6.9 (solid fusion of posterior 25% disc space with bilateral facetectomy). For intertranserse process fusion, the least motion was with a solid bilateral fusion, with medial healing to the pars (2.0); the greatest motion was found with a solid unilateral fusion without medial healing (6.0). Interspinous process fusion allowed only 1.9 of motion.

前路椎间融合，范围是0.8度（完全、100%融合）到3.3度（后方椎间隙25%的稳定融合）；后路椎间融合范围较大，是0.7度（完全、100%融合）到6.9度（伴有双侧峡部近内侧融合的后方椎间隙25%的稳定融合）；横突间植骨融合，最小值2.0度是双侧偏内侧稳定融合，最大值6.0度是单侧且不偏向内侧融合；椎板棘突间植骨融合只出现1.9度的活动度。

For ALIF, this ranged from 0.8 (complete, 100% fusion) to 3.3 (solid fusion of the posterior 25% disc space). For PLIF, the numbers were more varied, ranging from 0.7 (complete, 100% fusion) to 6.9 (solid fusion of posterior 25% disc space with bilateral facetectomy). For intertransverse process fusion, the least motion was with a solid bilateral fusion, with medial healing to the pars (2.0); the greatest motion was found with a solid unilateral fusion without medial healing (6.0). Interspinous process fusion allowed only 1.9 of motion.

前路椎间融合，范围是0.8度（完全、100%融合）到3.3度（后方椎间隙25%的稳定融合）；后路椎间融合范围较大，是0.7度（完全、100%融合）到6.9度（伴有双侧峡部近内侧融合的后方椎间隙25%的稳定融合）；横突间植骨融合，最小值2.0度是双侧偏内侧稳定融合，最大值6.0度是单侧且不偏向内侧融合；椎板棘突间植骨融合只出现1.9度的活动度。

The merchant who says:"Montpellier not active, Marseilles fine quality," the broker on 'change who says:"Assets at end of current month," the gambler who says:"Tiers et tout, refait de pique," the sheriff of the Norman Isles who says: The holder in fee reverting to his landed estate cannot claim the fruits of that estate during the hereditary seizure of the real estate by the mortgagor," the playwright who says:"The piece was hissed," the comedian who says:"I've made a hit," the philosopher who says:"Phenomenal triplicity," the huntsman who says:"Voileci allais, Voileci fuyant," the phrenologist who says:"Amativeness, combativeness, secretiveness," the infantry soldier who says:"My shooting-iron," the cavalry-man who says:"My turkey-cock," the fencing-master who says:"Tierce, quarte, break,"the printer who says:"My shooting-stick and galley,--all, printer, fencing-master, cavalry dragoon, infantry-man, phrenologist, huntsman, philosopher, comedian, playwright, sheriff, gambler, stock-broker, and merchant, speak slang.

商人说"蒙培利埃可发售"，"优质马赛"；兑换商说"延期交割，本月底的手续贴补费"；玩纸牌的人说"通行无阻，黑桃完啦"；诺曼底群岛的法庭执达吏说"在租户有禁令的地段，在宣布对拒绝者的不动产有继承权时，不能从这地段要求收益"；闹剧作家说"喝了倒彩"；喜剧作家说"我垮了"；哲学家说"三重性"；猎人说"红野禽，食用野禽"；骨相家说"友善，好战，热中于秘密"；步兵说"我的黑管"；骑兵说"我的小火鸡"；剑术师说"三度，四度，冲刺"；印刷工人说"加铅条"；所有这些印刷工人、剑术师、骑兵、步兵、骨相家、猎人、哲学家、喜剧作家，闹剧作家、法庭执达吏、玩纸牌的人、兑换商、商人，全是在说黑话。

Methods We studied 546 intellectuals(female:n=267,male:n=279)aged 45 years and older who had measurements of mineral density using SPA in distal radius and underwent calcaneum radiography classified by Jhamaria's method.

随机抽取546名(女267名，男279名)45岁以上中老年知识分子做非优势侧桡骨单光子骨密度测定与跟骨X射线摄片，分析桡骨骨密度及跟骨小梁Jhamaria分级的相关性；比较两种方法的诊断一致性。

Obvious cartilage and island-distributed immature bone formation in implants of the experiment side were observed at 2 weeks after operation, and massive mature bone observed at 4 weeks. Newly formed bone had fused and formed mature lamellar bone and trabecularism. No bone formation was observed in the control side of the mice.

实验侧术后2周出现大量软骨组织和呈岛状散在分布的骨组织，术后4周可见大量成骨组织，新生骨相互融合生长并形成较为成熟的板层骨和骨小梁结构；对照侧未见骨组织形成。

RESULTS: After six weeks of implantation, x-ray film showed high-density signal, osteoid tissue formed under histological examination. Large amount of new bone were formed and connected to trabecularism 8 weeks after implantation in the experimental group.

结果 实验组6 周时大体标本浅红色， X 线片有较高密度阻射影像，组织学检查可见有新骨形成； 8 周时大体标本呈红色，质硬， X 线阻射影像密度更高，镜下可见大量新骨形成并相互连接成骨小梁样结构，骨细胞位于陷窝中。

Methods Fifty healthy SD rats were fed for twentytwo months in order to build the model of aging rats, the histology of femoral bone, tibial bone and lumbal vertebra was used to observe, then we evaluated the indexes which reflect the degeneration of intervertebral disc including the quantity of collagen type Ⅱ,Ⅹ of intervertebral disc by the immunohistochemistry methods, the relative area of vascular bud, the thickness of calcified layer and uncalcified layer on cartilage endplate and the indexes which reflect the osteoporosis including the thickness ratio of cortical bone, the relative area of bone trabecula, the bone density, the max stress and straining of bone.

50只健康纯种SD大鼠，喂养22个月，建立老龄大鼠模型，进行股骨、胫骨、腰椎等组织学观察，并评价椎间盘退变的相关指标(椎间盘软骨Ⅱ型和Ⅹ型胶原表达、软骨终板血管芽相对面积、软骨终板钙化层/非钙化层厚度)与骨质疏松的相关指标(骨皮质厚度指数、骨小梁相对面积、骨密度、骨最大应力和应变)的相关性。

Fig 1 At the experimental side, two weeks after operation (HE ×100) Many pieces of cartilage cells and spindle-shaped mesenchymal cells were found, by light microscope Fig 2 At the experimental side, twelve weeks after operation (HE ×100) Medullary cavity had formed, which contained hemoblasts and adipocytes, but the trabculae was not typical, by light microscope Fig 3 At the experimental side, twenty-four weeks after operation (HE ×100) The typical cancellous bone had formed, by light microscope Fig 4 At the control side, twenty-four weeks after operation (HE ×100) A large part of CXB was degraded, resorbed and replaced by fibrous tissue, but there was'not any new formed bone, by light mocroscope

图1 实验侧术后2周(HE ×100)镜下可见很多软骨细胞条索和团块生成及大量梭形间充质细胞图2 实验侧术后12周(HE ×100)镜下可见有髓腔形成，内含有造血和脂肪细胞，骨小梁尚不典型图3 实验侧术后24周(HE ×100)镜下可见形成典型的松质骨结构图4 对照侧术后24周(HE ×100)镜下可见大部分CXB被降解吸收，为纤维组织替代，无新骨形成

The most important factor influencing implant survival in sinus augmentation, besides individual surgical technique, is the preexisting bone height between the sinus floor and alveolar crest. The key factor for success is to achieve primary stability. When the available bone height is less than 5mm or the thickness of the cortical bone is inadequate, two stage protocol (elevating the sinus floor to create sufficient bone height first, and then placing the implant at the second stage) is a safe, predictable treatment modality.

上颚窦植牙手术的成功与否，除个人手术技巧外，常取决於剩余齿槽骨之高度(residual bone height， RBH)，如何得到初期稳定度是一重要之关键，当可利用之齿槽骨高度小於5mm或皮质骨宽度不足以支撑植体获得理想初期稳定度时，分二阶段先提高上颚窦高度再植牙，不失为一理想，安全且可预期性高之植牙方法。

It had the advantages of short operation time, safe operation, biological fixation, small trauma and so on, which could avoid the adverse reaction during infusion, the trouble of prosthetic repair after operation and much destruction of sclerotin.

非骨水泥型假体表面为多孔，植入人体后，依靠骨组织反应牛长能力，使骨与假体表面形成紧密地生物固定，其具有手术时间短，术中患者安全、假体固定为生物学固定、手术创伤小等优点，避免了骨水泥在注入过程中产生的不良反应以及术后假体返修所带来的取出麻烦、骨质破坏过多现象。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。