小额

Based on the hypothesis of Brands, this thesis presents two off-line electronic cash system applied to small payment: one is an off-line nondivisible electronic cash system with complete anonymity, and the other is an off-line nondivisible electronic cashsystem with repealed anonymity. The two systems can solve the bottleneck problem of bank server. Furthermore, based on the concept of virtual debit as well as the payment demand of pay-per-use electronic commerce and mobile commerce, this paper designs a micro-system NPAY, which can solve the problem of extra-consuming, greatly reduce the system communication overhead, and the consumer can anonymously consume.

基于Brands假设，设计了两个适用于小额支付的离线电子现金系统：一个是具有完全匿名性的离线不可分电子现金系统，另一个是可撤消匿名性的离线不可分电子现金系统，这两个系统都较好地解决了银行服务器的瓶颈问题；针对即付即用(pay-per-use)类型电子商务和移动商务的支付需求，基于&虚借记&的概念，设计了一个微支付系统NPAY，较好地解决了消费者超额消费问题，系统的通讯开销也大大减少，并且消费者可以匿名消费。

Based on the hypothesis of Brands, this thesis presents two off-line electronic cash system applied to small payment: one is an off-line nondivisible electronic cash system with complete anonymity, and the other is an off-line nondivisible electronic cash'system with repealed anonymity. The two systems can solve the bottleneck problem of bank server. Furthermore, based on the concept of virtual debit as well as the payment demand of pay-per-use electronic commerce and mobile co mmerce, this paper designs a micro-system NPAY, which can solve the problem of extra-consuming, greatly reduce the system communication overhead, and the consumer can anonymously consume.

基于Brands假设，设计了两个适用于小额支付的离线电子现金系统：一个是具有完全匿名性的离线不可分电子现金系统，另一个是可撤消匿名性的离线不可分电子现金系统，这两个系统都较好地解决了银行服务器的瓶颈问题；针对即付即用(pay-per-use)类型电子商务和移动商务的支付需求，基于&虚借记&的概念，设计了一个微支付系统NPAY，较好地解决了消费者超额消费问题，系统的通讯开销也大大减少，并且消费者可以匿名消费。

To this, zhang Yong introduces, although clean out storefront of same collection of treasure unlike EBay to serve cost, but clean out treasure to also have income, namely collection of each type small advertisement and proliferous service fee,"These two kinds collect fees be in attempt phase at present, obtain such result, we also did not think of ".

对此，张勇介绍，尽管淘宝不像eBay一样收取店面服务费，但淘宝也有收入，即收取各类型的小额广告以及增殖服务费，&这两类收费目前处于尝试阶段，取得这样的成绩，我们也没想到&。

To foreign trade market character, the influence of economic crisis is, global buy the home to decrease further greatly, and spread all over the whole world the careless root of each corners buys a many emerge in large numbers, buy the home to encounter careless root to sell the home when careless root, small much singler international trade already was big trend, of platform of electronic business affairs online trade function, become promote the inevitable premise that farther fractionize turns foreign trade.

对外贸市场而言，经济危机的影响则是，全球性的大买家进一步减少，而遍布全球各个角落的草根买家则大量涌现，当草根买家遇到草根卖家，小额多单的国际贸易已是大趋势，电子商务平台的在线交易功能，则成为推动外贸进一步细分化的必然前提。

From the practice of the micro-finance for the peasant in our country, there are some special problems on the loan design, operation and management besides the same as GB and UDS.

从我国发展农户小额信贷的实践来看，不仅和GB、UDS面临着相同的问题，而且在贷款制度设计和操作管理层面还存在着特有的问题。

The weekend will also play host to a panel discussion entitled "Micropayments in Facebook."

本周末也将发挥主办的小组讨论，题为&小额在Facebook的&。

Development of a new micro-loan product should be based on the detailed market analysis.

小额信贷新产品的开发应该建立在对市场进行详尽的分析的基础之上。

Its microfinance operation disburses about $1 billion a year.

它的小额贷款业务每年要发放10亿美元的贷款。

A effective financial system is beneficial to risk trading, avoiding, disassembling, and is easy for market individual to get the information about investment and allocating which accelerate social capital mobilization, accumulating and converting to long-term industrial capital from scattered small capital. The valid price system of financial instrument inflecting real economy accurately promote finance capital's flowing and allocating among social sector and region.

有效的金融体系有利于风险交易、风险规辟、风险分解和各交易主体的风险分担，同时市场化的融资机制有助于获得更多有关投资和资源配置的信息，这都大大加快了在经济发展中对社会资本的动员、积累以及有效转化，使分散零星的小额资本转化为大规模的长期产业资本，同时，证券化金融产品具有的灵敏、有效的价格信息，反映了实体经济真实情况，进而引导金融资本在各产业、部门间实现有序流动、合理配置。

Experiments with "micropayments" have been held back by the fact that stories are much more perishable than songs, and by transaction costs.

小额支付的实验终因文章比歌曲更短命、交易成本高而搁浅。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。