小说人生

The last chapter intends to manifest that "live autobiographically"is a kind of living state of the authors.The authors have realized that the contemporary events would have their own meanings in the future of their life.So they try to record them and make it exist forever through different kinds of texts.

因此，作家会分外珍视自己在日记、书信和年谱当中留下的足迹，并将自己的经历撰写成回忆性散文；同时作家在自传之外，更倾向于以小说尤其是自传体小说来记录自己的精神和思想历程，并在作品中隐喻人生。

Only finding the meaning of life can a person establish the value of life and tend to choose to live, otherwise he would lose the support of living and fall into the deep trap of death.

找不到生存的意义便会失去生命的依托而坠入死亡的深渊。这部小说中的年轻人似乎都没有找到人生意义，没有确立人生信念，在生存价值这个问题上都付诸阙如。

This kind of conception involving study of philosophy and features of fictions is finely embodied in his review of A Dream of Red Chamber and analysis of "ideal fiction".

而他的《红楼梦》批评和对"理想小说"的分析界定实际上就是这种讲求人生哲学内涵(来源：bfbfABC论文网www.abclunwen.com)和小说艺术特征的小说批评基本价值取向的集中体现。

Under the thoughts of mass culture and post-modernization, time in stories has been becoming fragment and extensity. The point of these novels is to doubt existence and deny the meaning of life.

进入大众文化和后现代主义的语境，时间在作品中表现为零碎化和空间化，这一阶段小说的意识特点转而成为对存在的怀疑，这个怀疑连带否决了生命本身的意义，过去现在和未来在新写实小说中没有什么本质上的差异，他们写现在是为了说明：无味的现实表征了人生的一种命定。

Most critics mainly draw their attention to the analysis of the motif of the work, technique of writing and male characters of this novel. As for the female characters, they just mention them briefly. To the central character Caddy, they either give her a few words or simply take her for a frivolously dissolute woman. Few people try to scrutinize her tragic life and find the real cause of her tragedy. Few can feel her suffering in the course of the struggle against the patriarchal system and reconstruction of female's selfhood.

这部小说一直是评论家关注的焦点，然而他们的注意力大多集中于分析作品的主题、表现手法、男性角色等，而对于小说中的女性角色则较少关注，特别是小说的灵魂人物凯蒂，他们要么是一笔带过，要么是简单地把她归类为一个轻佻放荡的堕落女性，而很少能真正切入她悲剧的人生轨迹，去剖析并体验这位开始觉醒的女性在反抗男权专制、重构女性自我的艰难历程中所受到的磨难与所进行的挣扎。

This thesis aims at the theme of Yu Hua's novels via three sections: the first section analyses the cause of Yu Hua's novels' theme: tribulation from western culture, his hometown specialty, his childhood, and the totential memory of Institutional Revolution; the second section focuses on his enquiry of life and survival through violence and death,warmth and sorrow,which shows his theme of tribulation and its significance;the third section discoers the deep implication of Yuhua's novels theme from setting up the real mentality,suppassing the prior writings and exploring the meaning of life.

本文对余华小说创作主题的考察分三部分进行：第一部分分析余华小说苦难主题形成的原因：西方文化的滋润、童年生活的经验及早年工作的经历、文革的潜在记忆；第二部分通过文本解读，剖析作家在先锋立场下对人生与生存问题的拷问，分别从暴力与死亡、温情与悲悯两个方面，揭示余华小说的苦难主题及其意义；第三部分从构建精神的真实、超越先锋的写作以及生存意义的探寻等方面考察余华小说苦难主题的深层意蕴。

S 揘ew Year? s Sacrifice?, this novel embodies 搇ife is all painful? because Sister Xianglin suffers a lot in her life; Juan Sheng in 揗ourn the Dead? leads a life devoid of meaning both before and after the death of Zi Jun, and he can? t escape from his emptiness; Lun Xun conveys his strong emotions and cries out against injustice in his novel 揗edicine? by way of making the ghost? s presence felt;揕oners? reflects inner loneness and pain, and manifests the creed of Buddhaism: Life is death, death is life;揥eeds? and 揅all to the Arms? sighs with feeling for life? s emptiness however, it also stronglyresists life? s emptiness. XuDishandwellson life? s emptiness in his book 揘atural Moutain and Rain?

鲁迅的《祝福》中满篇弥漫着佛教的袅袅轻烟，祥林嫂的遭遇使她受尽了人生的苦难，体现了佛教所宣扬的"人生皆苦"；在《伤逝》中，涓生在子君活着和死后都始终感到人生的空虚，无法摆脱；小说《药》结尾处借用佛教显灵的艺术手法抒发作者的情感，为革命者鸣不平；《孤独者》更是体现了内心的孤独和痛苦，表现了佛教生即死、死即生的轮回观点；《野草》、《呐喊》既感叹人生的虚无，又强烈地反抗虚无。

In view of this point, Lu Ling's novels are of value, because strong intellectual complex is embedded in his novels describing either workers or peasants, in which the character's spiritual dynamics receives utmost concernViewing from the perspective of the intellectual quality-freedom, enlightenment and reflection, this dissertation seizes up the traits of intellectual character of Lu Ling's novels in 1940's, in an attempt to reproduce the sheen of his novels, and also to take a glimpse at the psychological journeys of the youth generation at that ageThose characters in Lu Ling's novels behave unbridledly all the way through their life journeyo They rebel against all the absurd things, declare war on tradition, family and newly rising authority, also anatomize themselves They resort nowhere Their life is closely linked to tramp It is right during the course of tramp and rebellion that they realize themselves, look for freedom and luminosity, and achieve real contact with people; they have enjoyed the unrestraint to their heart's content as well as experience torture from various forces in heartLu Ling's novels are affluent in connotation This dissertation only studies from the perspective of intellectual, the topics among which like: freedom, tradition, individual and collective are still worthwhile studying up to now.

从这一点出发，路翎的小说很有价值。他的小说不管是描写工人还是农民，都带有浓重的知识分子情结。他的关于知识分子的小说，更是极力关注人物的精神动态。本文从现代知识分子品质的角度——自由、启蒙与反思，打量路翎四十年代小说中的知识分子人物的特质，企图在这种论说中使路翎小说的光彩重现，也从中窥视那一代青年在那个时代的心路历程。他小说中的那些人物，在人生的道路上一路狂飙过去。他们反叛一切不合理的东西，对传统、家庭、新生的权威开战，也对自己身上旧的、暧昧的因子毫不留情。他们在哪里也停留不下，他们的人生和流浪紧密地联系在一起。在这个不断的流浪和叛离中，他们认识自己，追寻自由、光明，力求与人民的真正接触。也正是在这个背叛—寻找的过程中，他们享受了狂飙的酣畅淋漓，也体会到了内心各种力量撕裂的痛苦。路翎小说的内涵很丰富，本文只是抽取了知识分子这个角度进行研究。当中的一些命题：自由、传统、个人与集体在今天还是很有研究价值的。

S 揘ew Year? s Sacrifice?, this novel embodies 搇ife is all painful? because Sister Xianglin suffers a lot in her life; Juan Sheng in 揗ourn the Dead? leads a life devoid of meaning both before and after the death of Zi Jun, and he can? t escape from his emptiness; Lun Xun conveys his strong emotions and cries out against injustice in his novel 揗edicine? by way of making the ghost? s presence felt;揕oners? reflects inner loneness and pain, and manifests the creed of Buddhaism: Life is death, death is life;揥eeds? and 揅all to the Arms? sighs with feeling for life? s emptiness however, it also stronglyresists life? s emptiness. XuDishandwellson life? s emptiness in his book 揘atural Moutain and Rain?

鲁迅的《祝福》中满篇弥漫着佛教的袅袅轻烟，祥林嫂的遭遇使她受尽了人生的苦难，体现了佛教所宣扬的&人生皆苦&；在《伤逝》中，涓生在子君活着和死后都始终感到人生的空虚，无法摆脱；小说《药》结尾处借用佛教显灵的艺术手法抒发作者的情感，为革命者鸣不平；《孤独者》更是体现了内心的孤独和痛苦，表现了佛教生即死、死即生的轮回观点；《野草》、《呐喊》既感叹人生的虚无，又强烈地反抗虚无。

Part One A Comprehensive Study Chapter One Self-comparison, Self-description and Selfnarration: Self-expression of Fiction——Fiction Creative Motivations of The Men of Letters from the Perspective of Creative Characteristics. A Dream of Red Mansions is a story of a stone itself, Du Shaoqing in The Scholars is a self-decription of Wu Jingzi, Wen Ruyu in An Immortal's Roam in the Green Fields, Li Baichuan. To a great extent, the heroes in these novels reflect the experiences and thoughts of the authors. Although there exist many differences between the novels, but self-description and self-expression are their common characteristics, they include and indicate the particular personal experiences of the creative subject play a decisive role in creation in the development Chinese fiction, and the most direct creative motivation for the scholars in the Qianlong period.

上编 综论第一章&自譬&&自况&&自寓&：长篇小说的自我抒解性——从创作特征看乾隆时期文人长篇小说的创作动因《红楼梦》是&自譬石头所记之事&，《儒林外史》中杜少卿为吴敬梓&自况&，《野叟曝言》中文素臣之于夏敬渠，《绿野仙踪》的冷于冰、温如玉之于李百川，都有相当程度的&自寓&性，这几部小说尽管在诸多方面相差甚远，但在自我影写、自我抒解的&自况&特征上有着共同性，这正是小说发展到清代中期，文人独立创作长篇小说最具有时代性的特征，它包含和指向的是中国长篇小说发展进程中创作主体的人生特殊性对小说创作之决定性意义的问题，包含着乾隆时期文人长篇小说最直接的创作动因。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。