小蜂

Tetrastichus nigricoxae Yang is a endoparasite of Pupae of Micromelalopha troglodyta Graeser, Which is the mian pest of Poplar in China.

白蛾黑基啮小蜂是我国杨树人工林的主要食叶害虫——杨小舟蛾蛹期的一种内寄生性天敌。

The orders with high species richness were Hymenoptera (168 species), Diptera (90 species), Coleoptera (44 species), Homoptera (26 species), Hemiptera (23 species), Araneida (18 species) and Lepidoptera (12 species).

棉田节肢动物物种较丰富的目为膜翅目(168种)、双翅目(90种)、鞘翅目(44种)、同翅目(26种)、半翅目(23种)、蜘蛛目(18种)和鳞翅目(12种)，棉田物种数最多的科为姬蜂科和姬小蜂科，分别有22和21个物种。

When the wasps looked for and entered the ostiole, Eupristina sp. spent more minutes than D. yangi. Inside the fig, oviposition

相似的进蜂过程和活动时间，可能是2种榕小蜂与寄主榕树长期协同进化的结果。

To investigate the habit of Tetrastichus zanthoxylumii and provide theoretical basis for their reproduction and utilization, this paper observed its activity rhythm, feeding behavior, oviposition behavior, and the influence of inducing facts to the activity.

为进一步了解花椒吉丁啮小蜂的习性，以利用该蜂进行生物防治，笔者对其活动规律、取食行为、产卵行为及引诱因素对其活动的影响进行了观察。

The effect of the natural enemies were assessed according to the analysis, which revealed that the parasitoids played more significant role than the predators, and that Citrostichus phyllocnistoides which had the closest synchrony and sympatry with citrus leafminer P.citrella, should be considered as dominant natural enemy, and be protected and utilized to control the citrus leafminer. Wide niche and distribution as Orius sauteri has, its narrow overlap showed the less close sympatry and synchrony as well as impossibility to control the prey.

寄生性天敌群子强于捕食性天敌群子，表明在自然环境中寄生性天敌群子对桔潜蛾的控制作用强；捕食性天敌小花蝽Orius sauteri虽然食谱生态位宽，但生态位重叠却小，说明这种天敌尽管分布广泛，可在时间和空间上没能有效"跟随"害虫的发生，对害虫控制作用不大；寄生性天敌短腹桔啮小蜂Citrostichus phyllocnistoides与桔潜蛾在时间上的同步性和空间上的同域性均优于其它天敌，为优势天敌，应加以保护和利用。

In the experiment, the way the fruit of the bee population is not necessarily channel the fly from the shell, also punched out the wall from the fruit fly population of non-shell access out of flying, of which the two plots in the 16 fruits collected in 3 strains of non-bud mouth phenomenon, discussed the shell from which I access the meaning of existence, there's reason for non-bud mouth channel, and observation of non-pollinating wasp Sycophila.sp.

在实验中果实的出蜂的途径不一定从苞口通道出飞，也有从果壁上打洞出飞的非苞口通道出飞，其中在2个样地采集的果实中16株中有3株有非苞口的现象，从中讨论了苞口通道存在的意义，出现非苞口通道的原因，以及观察到非传粉小蜂Sycophila.sp。

Ficus - bees are symbiotic system of plants belong to banyans moraceae with little bees pollinate banyan with the ecology benefit form.

榕-蜂共生系统是桑科榕属植物与传粉榕小蜂专一互惠形成的生态学关系。

Mutualism is a relationship between individuals of different species that benefits all the partners. However, this interaction may also be described as mutual exploitation. The "host sanctions effect" predicts that the hosts punish partners that cheat by receiving benefits without paying for them. Fig trees and their fig-pollinating wasps constitute a mutualistic system with a mainly one-to-one relationship.

为验证榕树与其传粉榕小蜂这一严格的、一对一的互利共生系统中是否存在寄主惩罚效应，作者于2007年在云南省西双版纳热带植物园中对雌雄同株的垂叶榕仍进行了单果放蜂实验。

The data indicated that the parasitism of Pseudanastatus albitarsis Ashmead is the highest among the four species, the second is Telenomus dendrolimusichu Matsumura and Telenomus dasychiri Chen et Wu, the last is Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura.

结合环境因子、防治情况的分析表明，2005 年第一代卵期平腹小蜂在阳坡和其它坡向条件下的寄生率差异性显著(t=3.836， p=0.008.05)，2004 年第二代黑卵蜂的寄生率在马尾松林和湿地松林内差异性显著(t=2.494， p=0.020.05)，不同树高、土壤厚度和不同防治样地内天敌的寄生率差异不显著。

Therefore, we suggest that pollination wasps could be introduced artificially to male syconia of phase B so as to prolong the phase D of male strains; and the match between female and male strains should be 1:2-4, namely, one female strain is cultivated with 2-4 male strains with successive D phases.

因此建议对雄株的B期花序进行人工引蜂的方法修复小蜂种群，从而延长雄性品系D期时长；而雌、雄品系配植模式应为1：2~4，即1个雌株品系与2~4个D期依次衔接的雄株品系配植。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。