小蜂

The results of three cladistic methods showed: the consanguinities of different genera in a same tribe were closer, such as Chalcis and Conura, Trigonurella, Megalocolus and Trigonura; the consanguinities of genera between different tribes were farther, such as Chalcis and Brachymeria, Dirhinus and Hallichella; Chalcis, Conura, Brachymeria and Epitranus were the most primitive relatively, Tainaniella and Oxycoryphe were the most evolutional, the consanguinities were the farthest between the former and the latter; the genera with the closest consanguinities were: Tainaniella and Oxycoryphe, Proconura and Nipponochalcidia, Chalcis and Conura, Megalocolus and Trigonura, they were regarded as 4 pairs of sister groups.

三种支序分析方法一致支持的结果为：同一族内成员之间亲缘关系较近，如小蜂属和卡诺小蜂属，微三角小蜂属、细尾小蜂属和三角小蜂属之间；不同族内成员相互之间的亲缘关系则较远，如小蜂属和大腿小蜂属之间，角头小蜂属和截胫小蜂属之间；小蜂属、卡诺小蜂属、大腿小蜂属和脊柄小蜂属相对最为原始，而泰内小蜂属和背突小蜂属最为进化，前者和后者之间的亲缘关系最远；亲缘关系最近的有：泰内小蜂属和背突小蜂属，泊卡小蜂属和日本小蜂属，小蜂属和卡诺小蜂属以及细尾小蜂属和三角小蜂属，它们各自之间都构成姊妹群关系。

The population size of the single non-pollinating fig wasp species hardly shows the negative correlations with pollinator's. The total population size of all NPFWs is positively correlated to the pollinator's. It might be the evolutionary adaptation for coexistence of the many species within a syconium.

自然种群数量分析表明，单个非传粉榕小蜂物种的种群数量几乎不与传粉榕小蜂种群数量呈负相关，而所有非传粉榕小蜂物种的种群个体总量与传粉榕小蜂的种群个体数呈正相关，这可能是多个物种共存于单个榕果内的进化适应。

P. pilosa oviposits in the same day as the fig wasp pollinators, and they can oviposit on the sycouia for two days. Philoirwesis sp. oviposits much later, 6 to 13 days later than the pollinators. The ovaries inside the post-floral phase male syconium of F.

短尾佩妃延腹小蜂的产卵时间与传粉榕小蜂接近，几乎与传粉榕小蜂同时到达隐头果产卵，该时期隐头果可供其产卵2天；而长尾佩妃延腹小蜂的产卵时间较晚，在传粉榕小蜂产卵后的第6天开始到果外产卵，并可持续产卵约一周时间。

After years of research, exploration, the successful realization of Scleroderma guani, Zhou's rodents wasps, Trichogramma, Anastatus Bee, Lai aphid wasps, pulp Kok aphid wasps, Coccinella septempunctata, grass Chrysopa septempunctata, Yang Fan-moth virus, Lymantria dispar virus, the virus, such as spring geometrid more than 10 natural enemies of insect pathogens and insects breed of industrial production.

经多年的研究、探索，已顺利实现管氏肿腿蜂、周氏啮小蜂、赤眼蜂、平腹小蜂、丽蚜小蜂、浆角蚜小蜂、七星瓢虫、草蛉、杨扇周蛾病毒、舞毒蛾病毒、春尺蠖病毒等十几种天敌昆虫及昆虫病原体的周年工厂化繁殖生产。

Our results indicate that the plant can only abscise fruits oviposited by parasitic wasps before pollinating wasps in fig-fig wasp mutualism, but do not abscise the fruits parasitized by wasps ovipositing simultaneous or later than pollinating wasps, implying that abscission can not sufficiently maintain the fig-fig wasp mutualism.

结果表明：脱落机制并不能完全阻止非传粉小蜂的寄生，榕树只能选择性地脱落掉先于传粉小蜂产卵的榕果。这也同时表明维持榕树与榕小蜂互利共存的机制不仅仅只有榕果的脱落机制，可能还存在其它未被发现的机制。

The genus Anusia Frster and its sole included species A. nasicornis Frster (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) have been recorded from China for the first time and are illustrated with micrographs.

记述了跳小蜂科中国1新纪录属，阿奴跳小蜂属Anusia Frster，及中国1新纪录种，扁角阿奴跳小蜂Anusia nasicornis Frster，并给出了其形态特征图。

The results of the study on the occurrence, distrbution and natural control effect of fourteen parasitic wasps parasitized on two scales in Zhejiang citrus planting areas are presented. The results indicated that Microterys flovus How., M. ceroplastae Prirtsloo, M.sp and Metaphycus pulvinariae How. of Encyrtidae and Coccophagus iycimnia of Aphelindae are predominant, the rate of parasitism is 80-100%. If any one of the above mentioned five species of parasitic wasp is occurred in the orchard, the damage caursed by those two scales could be controlled.

本文对浙江桔区这两类蚧虫的14种寄生蜂的发生、分布及其天然制约作用进行了深入研究，以跳小蜂科的软蚧花翅跳小蜂、蜡蚧花翅跳小蜂、黑褐花翅跳小蜂、软蚧阔柄跳小蜂和蚜小蜂科的赖食软蚧蚜小蜂为优势种，寄生率高达80%～100%，在桔园只要有上述5种中任何一种寄生蜂存在，足以控制两类蚧虫为害。

From August to November 2005, the ovipositing behaviour of two non-pollinating fig wasps of Philotrypesis in Ficus hispida figs were observed, the figs at post-flora phase were dissected to test the distribution patterns of galls used by the two non-pollinating wasps, and the quantity of wasps in figs were counted from different fig crops of three different years.

2005年8-11月，在西双版纳热带植物园对寄生对叶榕的佩妃延腹小蜂的产卵行为进行了观察，并解剖雄花前期的隐头果观察小蜂利用瘦花资源情况；对不同年份(2003、2004、2005)，不同批次的隐头果内榕小蜂数量进行了统计。

Figs and their pollinating wasps constitute the extreme example of interactions between plants and insects. Each fig species is pollinated by a single minute, pollen-bearing female wasp species that only depend on the particular fig syconia for the production of their offspring, so the relation is generally regarded as species-specific.

榕树-榕小蜂的互惠共生是植物与其传粉者间相互作用的最极端的特例，几乎每一种榕树均由榕小蜂科的一种特定昆虫传粉，而它们的小蜂也只能在此特定榕树种的花内养育它们的幼虫，构成了高度的种专一性。

We studied 5 species in the syconia of Ficus semicordata including the pollinator Ceratosolen gravelyi, and NPFWs Apocrypta sp., Philotrypesis dunia, Platyneura cunia and Sycoscapter trifemmensis.

通过野外观察和采样分析的方法，对鸡嗉果榕内5种榕小蜂(传粉榕小蜂Ceratosolengravelyi；非传粉榕小蜂Apocrypta sp。，Philotrypesis dunia，Platyneura cunia和Sycoscapter trifemmensis)的产卵行为进行了研究。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。