小苞片

The outer or lower of the two bracts that enclose the flower in a grass spikelet.

外稃在草的小穗状花序中，包围花朵的两瓣苞片中外面或下面的那一片

Inflorescence spikelike, cylindrical, composed of spiny or bristly deciduous burrs arranged along an angular, often sinuous rachis; burrs sessile or with an obconical basal stipe, each composed of 1 or more sessile spikelets surrounded by an involucre of spines and bristles; bristles flexuous or more often spinous,± flattened, grooved on the outer face, united below, the degree of union varying from a small basal disk to a deep cupule, inner spines or bristles often ciliate around spikelets. Spikelets lanceolate, acute; glumes unequal, shorter than spikelet, lower sometimes suppressed; lower floret membranous, staminate or neuter; upper floret firmer, protogynous.

花序穗状，圆筒状，由落叶的毛刺沿着一具角安排的具刺的或具刚毛，通常波状的轴组成；毛刺无梗或具基部的倒锥状柄，每一个由1无梗或更多组成以总苞的刺和刚毛包围；或更多的刚毛曲折通常spinous，多少扁平，在外面上具凹槽，下面的合生，协会的度从一小的基部的花盘变化到一深的壳斗，小穗披针形，锐尖；不等长的颖片，短于小穗，降低有时压抑；更低的小花膜质，雄蕊花的或中性；坚定的上面小花，雌蕊先熟。

Subshrubs, shrubs, or small trees; leaves and bracts without a long spine at apex.

亚灌木，灌木或者小乔木；叶和苞片没有一长刺在先端。

Female inflorescence oblong-cylindric, oblong, or subglobose; lateral lobes of bracts distinct; wings of nutlet included; leaves irregularly or regularly doubly serrate.

圆筒状雌花序长圆形，长圆形，或近球形；苞片的侧面裂片离生；小坚果的翅包括；不规则的叶或规则地重锯齿。

Spikes oblong-ovoid to cylindric, 8--20 × 5--8 mm; bracts brownish, suborbicular to broadly obovate, 5--5.5 × 4--5 mm, sometimes with a prominent keel, abaxially subspinulose at center, apical part with a triangular, papillose patch, apex obtuse.

穗状花序长圆状卵球形的到圆筒状， 8-20 * 5-8 毫米；苞片带褐色，近圆形到宽倒卵形， 5-5.5 * 4-5毫米，有时有突出龙骨近有细刺在中心，顶部具一三角形，具小乳突斑点，先端钝。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。