小穗

The average heterosis of spike number per plant and 1 000-grain-weight were high and obviously related to yield heterosis at 0. 01 and 0. 05 level, respectively; the average yield heterosis of F1 hybrids between common wheat and club wheat was 77. 19%(ranged from-2. 18% to 143. 42%), the average heterosis of spike number per plant and spike grain number were high and both was also obviously related to yield heterosis at 0. 01 level.

结果发现：小麦种间杂种在产量上具有明显的杂种优势，其中斯卑尔脱小麦与普通小麦所配的30个种间杂交组合产量杂种优势平均为109.24%(43.14%～187.96%)，单株穗数及千粒重平均优势较大且与产量优势的相关分别达极显著水平和显著水平；密穗小麦与普通小麦所配的30个种间杂种的杂种优势为77.19%(-2.18%～143.42%)，单株穗数和主穗粒数优势较大且与产量优势的相关均达极显著水平。

The SCA effect was important in the heterosis of the spike number per plant of the intervarietal hybrid, the SCA and GCA were both important in the heterosis of the grain number of main spike of the intervarietal hybrid; the SCA effect played an major role in the heterosis of the spike number per plant of the interspecific crosses of the common wheat and club wheat, the SCA effect played an major role in the heterosis of the 1000-grain weight of the interspecific crosses of the common wheat and spelt wheat.

普通小麦品种间杂种每株穗数杂种优势中，特殊配合力所代表的非加性遗传效应起了主要作用，而主穗粒数杂种优势中一般配合力、特殊配合力所代表的加性、非加性遗传效应所起的作用相当；普通小麦与密穗小麦种间杂种主穗粒数杂种优势中特殊配合力所代表的非加性遗传效应起了主要作用；普通小麦与斯卑尔脱小麦间杂种千粒重杂种优势中特殊配合力所代表的非加性遗传效应起了主要作用。

The basal diameter, height of aerial stem, leaf length at middle stem, leaf width at middle stem, internode length at middle stem, internodes number and panicle length of 30 plants from every population were recorded. The statistics of morphological characters showed that the distribution trends of the averages of morphological characters are similar among populations. However, the coefficients of variation within population of 7 morphological characters were very different. The CV of internodes was largest and the CV of height was smallest within population. F-statistics showed that the differences of all morphological characters among populations were significant (P.01). But the differences among populations were different between different groups. The cluster analysis proved that all populations could be divided into three types: salty reed, freshwater reed and giant reed.

对来自每个种群的30个个体的基径、株高、中部叶长、中部叶宽、中部节间长、节间数、穗长7个形态特征的统计分析表明：各形态特征平均值在种群间的分布趋势相似，但变化幅度不同，株高、叶长等营养特征变化较大大，生殖特征穗长的变化较小；7个形态指标在种群内的平均变异度从大到小依次为中部节间长、中部叶宽、穗长、中部叶长、基径、节间数、株高，种群内的平均形态变异度与生境异质性有关；7个形态指标在种群间均差异显著，但多重比较分析显示显著差异主要存在于BZH、淡水生境种群和盐渍化生境种群之间，在相似生境种群间的形态差异不显著；以形态特征为依据的聚类分析支持将15个种群分为三类：盐生芦苇、淡水芦苇和巨型芦苇。

As to Balilla erect panicle type,(the same subject for the following 11-16), the curvature of panicle neck had a very significantly positive correlation with panicle length, neck panicle length, neck panicle internode length, the secondary internode length, leaf length and leaf sheath length, and had an opposite correlation with leaf width and density of seed setting.

来自吉林的直立穗型品系Z1和来自黑龙江的直立穗型品种龙交91060—2与巴利拉型直立穗型品种的直立穗其因分属于3个不同的位点，各自位于3对同源染色体上，彼此遵循基因的自由重组和独立分配规律。Z1由1对显性主效核基因控制，龙交91061—2由1对隐性主效核基因控制。3个直立穗型基因位点可能具有累加效应，直立穗型效应位点越多，则颈穗弯曲度越小，穗的直立性越强。

As compared with the traditional irrigation-traditional fertilization, the following results of the improved optimized irrigation-optimized fertilization were obtained: significantly higher nitrogen use efficiency; the like tiller number per unit area, percentage of the tiller ear number/the tiller number, the ear number per unit area, the greatly reduced grain number per ear, and significantly heavier weight of 1, 000 grains; a trifle taller plants; shorter base internode length, a bit more weight per unit internode length, longer internode length under ear; almost the same LAI values in middle and later stages; coincident process of dry matter accumulation from straight growth onwards, a little more dry matter accumulation amount from earing to maturity; a little longer flag leaf, 2〓 leaf, 3〓 leaf (but the three leaves were shorter than those of the optimized irrigation-traditional fertilization) and shorter 4〓 leaf from top, a bit reduced total area of these leaves; almost the same leaf thickness, mean canopy leaf tilt angle, light extinction coefficient , ratio of light penetration in the upper, middle and lower parts of the wheat canopy, and fair plant type; almost the same senescence process of flag leaf; and increased root amount in 0-120cm soil layer and smaller rate of progressive decrease of the root length density and root weight density with soil getting deep, which can strengthen the resistance to adverse conditions such as water stress in the later stage.

在优化水肥条件下，冬小麦总分蘖数、成穗率及单位面积穗数与传统水肥比较接近，但穗粒数显著减少，千粒重显著提高；株高稍有增加；基部节间长度缩短，充实度略微增高，穗下节间增长；中后期LAI与传统水肥的LAI值基本吻合；起身至成熟干物质积累量动态变化过程与传统水肥十分接近，但抽穗至成熟所形成的干物质量增加；上三叶变长（但上三叶长度增加幅度小于优化灌溉-传统施肥处理），倒4叶变短，总叶面积略有减少；叶片厚度、冠层平均叶倾角、消光系数、冠层各层的透光率与传统水肥差异很小，株型较好；旗叶叶绿素含量动态变化与传统水肥十分接近；0-120cm土层的总根量明显增加，上层根群和深层根群的差异最小，有利于提高小麦后期的抗逆力。

Spikelets up to 4 mm; blades 1–3 mm, plants green, smooth near nodes

小穗可达4毫米；叶片1-3毫米，植株绿色，平滑的近的节 14

The delicate panicles of plump spikelets on fine trembling pedicels are very ornamental and are used in dried flower arrangements.

在发抖的细花梗上的肥厚的小穗的精美的圆锥花序非常观赏并且被在干燥插花里使用。

The number of panicles per unit area was the most important yield components in determining final yield.

单位面积小穗数是决定最终产量最重要的产量构成因素。

Culm sheaths red-brown or purple-yellow, without milky-white or gray-white stripes

更下部的颖片具白色的毛，毛测定长于所用时间小穗 50

The experimental results showed that all characters accorded with the addi tiv e-dominant-epistatic model, the additive gene effect and dominant gene effect pl ayed an important role in most characters of 6 crosses, epistatic gene effects w ere significant in all crosses for the 6 investigated traits, additive generic g ene-effects were more important on the spikelets per panicle and spike lets density than its non-additive generic gene-effects (［h］+［j］+［l］), b ut the l atter were relatively more crucial on the days to heading and panicle length in the two tested lines.

结果表明：六个性状都符合加性-显性-上位性模型，加性效应对两个多小穗小麦品系各性状的遗传有重要作用，部分性状存在显著的显性效应，不同类型上位性效应对各性状有不同程度的影响；各性状之间各类基因效应平方和百分比差异较大，不同类型上位性基因效应平方和百分比大小因被测系、组合而异。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。